Classification of Disease

Question 1

What is a symptom?

Answer 1

Something which the patient notices or complains of about themselves or their health

Question 2

What is a sign?

Answer 2

Something which is objectively observed about the patient by the doctor

Question 3

What are the classifications of disease?

Answer 3

1- Functional
2- Biological
3-Socioeconomic and health
4- Systems medicine

Question 4

What are the characteristics of disease?

Answer 4

- Aetiology
2- Pathogenesis 
3- Manifestations (clinical, morphological or functional)
4- Complications 
5- Outcome
6- Epidemiology

Question 5

What is aetiology?

Answer 5

Cause of disease or condition?

Question 6

What is pathogenesis?

Answer 6

The mechanism by which disease develops

Question 7

What is epidemiology?

Answer 7

The branch of medicine which deals with incidence, distribution and control of disease

Question 8

How is the cause of disease identified?

Answer 8

1- Probability of disease
2- Host predisposition
3- Cause vs agent
4- Causal associations
5- Koch's postulates
6- Exemplified by

Question 9

What is an idiopathic disease?

Answer 9

A disease which arises spontaneously or its cause is unknown

Question 10

What are Koch’s four postulates?

Answer 10

Evidence required to establish an etiologic relationship between the microorganism and the disease:
1- The microorganism must be observed in every case of the disease
2- It must be isolated and grown in pure culture
3- The pure culture, when inoculated in animals, must reproduce the disease
4- The microorganism must be recovered from the diseased animal

Question 11

What are the four components of aetiology?

Answer 11

1- Genetic
2- Environmental
3- Combination/multifactorial
4- Unknown

Question 12

What are the types of environmental aetiology?

Answer 12

1- Infection
2- Chemicals
3- Radiation
4- Mechanical trauma

Question 13

What are the types of unknown aetiology?

Answer 13

1- Primary
2- Essential
3- Idiopathic
4- Spontaneous
5- Cryptogenic

Question 14

What are the two types of manifestations?

Answer 14

1- Structural

2- Functional

Question 15

What are examples of functional manifestation?

Answer 15

1- Excessive secretion of cell product
2- Insufficient secretion of cell product
3- Impaired nerve conduction
4- Impaired muscle contraction

Question 16

What are the nomenclatures of processes?

Answer 16

1- Disorders of growth
2- Inflammation and repair
3- Degeneration
4- Thrombosis and blood coagulability

Question 17

What is staging and what is its use?

Answer 17

1- A method which describes the extent or severity or a person’s cancer
2- Helps the doctor plan treatment and estimate the person’s prognosis

Question 18

What is the TNM staging system?

Answer 18

1- T: tumour
2- N: whether cancer cells have spread to nearby regional lymph nodes
3- M: whether distant (other parts of the body) metastasis has occured

Question 19

What is the classification system of T in the TNM staging system?

Answer 19

1- TX: primary tumour cannot be evaluated
2- T0: no evidence of primary tumour
3- Tis: carcinoma in situ
4- T1, T2, T3 and T4 show the size and/or extent of the primary tumour

Question 20

What is the classification system of M in the TNM staging system?

Answer 20

1- MX: distant metastasis cannot be evaluated
2- M0: no distant metastasis
3- M1: distant metastasis is present

Question 21

What are the four categories of epidemiology?

Answer 21

1- Incidence
2- Prevalence
3- Remission
4- Mortality

Question 22

What can affect epidemiology?

Answer 22

1- Age
2- Time
3- Geography
4- Socio-economic factors
5- Occupational factors

Question 23

What are the 4 P’s of medicine?

Answer 23

1- Personalised
2- Predictive
3- Participatory
4- Preventive