Classification of Disease Flashcards
What is a symptom?
Something which the patient notices or complains of about themselves or their health
What is a sign?
Something which is objectively observed about the patient by the doctor
What are the classifications of disease?
1- Functional
2- Biological
3-Socioeconomic and health
4- Systems medicine
What are the characteristics of disease?
- Aetiology 2- Pathogenesis 3- Manifestations (clinical, morphological or functional) 4- Complications 5- Outcome 6- Epidemiology
What is aetiology?
Cause of disease or condition?
What is pathogenesis?
The mechanism by which disease develops
What is epidemiology?
The branch of medicine which deals with incidence, distribution and control of disease
How is the cause of disease identified?
1- Probability of disease 2- Host predisposition 3- Cause vs agent 4- Causal associations 5- Koch's postulates 6- Exemplified by
What is an idiopathic disease?
A disease which arises spontaneously or its cause is unknown
What are Koch’s four postulates?
Evidence required to establish an etiologic relationship between the microorganism and the disease:
1- The microorganism must be observed in every case of the disease
2- It must be isolated and grown in pure culture
3- The pure culture, when inoculated in animals, must reproduce the disease
4- The microorganism must be recovered from the diseased animal
What are the four components of aetiology?
1- Genetic
2- Environmental
3- Combination/multifactorial
4- Unknown
What are the types of environmental aetiology?
1- Infection
2- Chemicals
3- Radiation
4- Mechanical trauma
What are the types of unknown aetiology?
1- Primary 2- Essential 3- Idiopathic 4- Spontaneous 5- Cryptogenic
What are the two types of manifestations?
1- Structural
2- Functional
What are examples of functional manifestation?
1- Excessive secretion of cell product
2- Insufficient secretion of cell product
3- Impaired nerve conduction
4- Impaired muscle contraction
What are the nomenclatures of processes?
1- Disorders of growth
2- Inflammation and repair
3- Degeneration
4- Thrombosis and blood coagulability
What is staging and what is its use?
1- A method which describes the extent or severity or a person’s cancer
2- Helps the doctor plan treatment and estimate the person’s prognosis
What is the TNM staging system?
1- T: tumour
2- N: whether cancer cells have spread to nearby regional lymph nodes
3- M: whether distant (other parts of the body) metastasis has occured
What is the classification system of T in the TNM staging system?
1- TX: primary tumour cannot be evaluated
2- T0: no evidence of primary tumour
3- Tis: carcinoma in situ
4- T1, T2, T3 and T4 show the size and/or extent of the primary tumour
What is the classification system of M in the TNM staging system?
1- MX: distant metastasis cannot be evaluated
2- M0: no distant metastasis
3- M1: distant metastasis is present
What are the four categories of epidemiology?
1- Incidence
2- Prevalence
3- Remission
4- Mortality
What can affect epidemiology?
1- Age 2- Time 3- Geography 4- Socio-economic factors 5- Occupational factors
What are the 4 P’s of medicine?
1- Personalised
2- Predictive
3- Participatory
4- Preventive
