Classification of Biodiversity (5.3) Flashcards
The hierarchy of taxa
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
The Three Domain system
Shows the fundamentally different cell types of archaeans (prokaryote), bacteria (prokaryotes) and eukaryotes.
Archaeans/Bacteria
- Prokaryotic cells with no membrane bound organelles (eg. no nucleus).
Archaea are found in extreme environments like hot springs, Antarctic ice and extremely acidic/alkaline waters.
Eukaryotes
Complex cells with membrane bound organelles.
Classification of Humans (Application)
Domain: Eukarya.
Kingdom: Animalia.
Phylum: Chordata.
Class: Mammalia.
Order: Primate.
Family: Hominidae.
Genus: Homo.
Species: sapiens.
Classification of Buttercups (Application)
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Angiospermophyta
Class: Eudicotidae
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Genus: Ranunculus
Species: acris
The Four Eukaryotic Kingdoms
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
The Four Eukaryotic Kingdoms (Protoctista)
Unicellular (some multicellular). May be auto or heterotrophic. Live in water (marine/aquatic environments).
Examples of Protoctista: euglena, paramecium, amoeba.
The Four Eukaryotic Kingdoms (Plantae)
Multicellular and autotrophic (possess chlorophyll so also photosynthetic). Their cell walls are made of cellulose.
Examples of Plantae: Mosses, ferns and angiosperms (flowering plants).
The Four Eukaryotic Kingdoms (Animalia)
Multicellular and heterotrophic. Often motile (capable of motion).
The Four Eukaryotic Kingdoms (Fungi)
Filamentous or unicellular. Heterotrophic (with extracellular digestion). Their cell walls are made of chitin.
Examples of Fungi: Yeast and mushrooms.
Prokaryotes
Unicellular and lack distinct nuclei and membrane bound organelles. Their DNA is mainly circular (plasmids) eg. bacteria, cyanobacteria
Why are Viruses not classified as living organisms?
Viruses are not made of living cells and lack the properties of living organisms eg. they do not reproduce independently, they must replicate by invading living cells.
Kingdom: Plantae
Plantae are eukaryotic, multicellular and autotrophs (photosynthetic). Their cell walls are made of cellulose and food is stored as starch.
Phylum: Bryophyta
Examples of Bryophyta: Mosses and liverworts.
Bryophyta live in moist, terrestrial environments. They are non-vascular (do not possess transport tissues of xylem or phloem). They have no ‘true’ roots, stems or leaves and reproduce via spores (no seeds or flowers).
Phylum: Filicinophyta
Examples of Filicinophyta: Ferns
Filicinophyta live in moist terrestrial environments and are vascular (produce transport tissues xylem, for water, and phloem, for nutrients/food). They possess ‘true’ roots, stems and leaves and reproduce via spores (no seeds or flowers). They have alternation of sporophyte (spore producing) and gametophyte (gamete producing) generations.
Phylum: Coniferaphyta
Examples of Coniferaphyta: Pine trees
Coniferaphyta live in terrestrial environments and are vascular (possess transport tissues xylem, for water, and phloem, for nutrients/food). They possess ‘true’ roots, stems and leaves. They have male and female cones, the male cones produce pollen and the female cones produce seeds.
Phylum: Angiospermophyta
Examples of Angiospermophyta: Flowering plants
Angiospermophyta live in terrestrial environments and are vascular (possess transport tissues of xylem, for water, and phloem, for nutrients/food). They possess ‘true’ roots, stems and leaves and produce flowers with male and female gametes (pollen/ova respectively). They produce seeds in the flowers.
Kingdom: Animalia
Multicellular, eukaryotic and heterotrophic. Food stored as glycogen and fat.
Porifera
Examples of Porifera: Sponges
- Asymmetrical symmetry
- No mouth or anus
- Pores through body
- Loose collection of cells
Cnideria
Examples of Cnideria: Jellyfish, anemones, coral
- Radial symmetry (round)
- Mouth but no anus (sac gut)
- Hydrostatic skeleton (no bones)
- Stinging tentacles
Platyhelmintha
Examples of Platyhelmintha: Flatworms and tapeworms.
- Bilateral symmetry
- Mouth but no anus (sac gut)
- Hydrostatic skeleton
- Flat body
Annelida
Examples of Annelida: earthworms, roundworms, nematodes and leeches
- Bilateral symmetry
- Mouth but no anus (sac gut)
- Hydrostatic skeleton (no bones)
- Segmented body
Mollusca
Examples of Mollusca: Octopus, squids, snails and oysters.
- Bilateral symmetry
- Mouth and anus
- Hydrostatic skeleton (no bones)
- Muscular foot and mantle (respiratory chamber)
- Most have a shell
Arthropoda
Examples of Arthropoda: Ants, beetles, crabs, crayfish and centipedes.
- Bilateral symmetry
- Mouth and anus
- Exoskeleton made of chitin
- Jointed appendages (can articulate motion)
Chordata
Examples of Chordata: Fish, birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians.
- Bilateral symmetry
- Mouth and anus
- Endoskeleton made of bone and cartilage
- Have a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits and a post-anal tail
