CLASSIFICATION + DIVERSITY Flashcards

Question

GENEOME

Answer 1

complete set of genes in cell

Answer 2

full range of proteins that cell is able to produce

Answer 3

.sequence of nucleotides on gene on DNA acts as template .complimentary copy is transcribed onto mRNA in nucleus .At ribosomes mRNA acts as template that is translated to chain of amino acids using complementary tRNA which carry specific amino acids which are linked together

Answer 4

1.H bonds between complementary base pairs of gene to be transcribed are broken DNA nucleotide bases are now exposed 2.One strand acts as template to make an mRNA copy 3.Free RNA nucleotides alongside their complementary base pair on template strand of DNA-Uracil replaces thymine on mRNA 4.RNA polymerase joins adjacent nucleotides together w/phosphodiester bond 5.RNA Polymerase continues until it reaches stop signal and then it detaches + introns are removed

Answer 5

.eukaryotic cells, mRNA produced during transcription contains both introns and exons-this is pre-mRNA .introns need to be removed because they don’t contain any genetic information that can be translated into an amino acid sequence .introns are “spliced” out of mRNA sequence by an enzyme .produces strand of mRNA that contains only exons - coding regions- known as mature mRNA

Answer 6

1. mRNA attaches to ribosomes 2. tRNA anticodons bind to complementary mRNA codons 3. tRNA brings a specific amino acid 4. Amino acids join by peptide bonds 5. use of ATP 6. tRNA released after amino acid joined to polypeptide 7. ribosome moves along mRNA to form polypeptide

Answer 7

one copy of each chromosome in cell

Answer 8

two copies of each chromosome in cell

Answer 9

Meiosis I is reduction division separation of homologous pair of chromosomes: .Homologous pairs are separated .Variation is introduced Meiosis II is similar to mitosis w/separation of sister chromatids Four haploid cells are produced, each w/ half diploid number of chromosomes

Answer 10

occurs in prophase I w/ formation of chiasmata 1.Homologous pairs of chromosomes associate and form bivalent 2.Chiasmata forms 3.Equal lengths of non-sister chromatids or alleles are exchanged 4.Producing new combinations of alleles

Answer 11

1.Metaphase 1, homologous pairs line up either side of equator 2.completely random which side of equator maternal and paternal chromosomes line up on 3.When separated, one of each pair ends up in daughter cell 4.‘shuffling’ leads to different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes in daughter cells

Answer 12

.Fertilisation: random mating w/random gametes –results in random fusion of gametes and produces new allele combinations/new maternal and paternal chromosome combinations .mutations may occur

Answer 13

extra base is added during DNA replication results in frame shift – all codons after mutation are affected

Answer 14

Same number of chromosomes VS Half number of chromosomes Genetically identical VS Genetically different Two cells VS Four cells

Answer 15

One base is left out during DNA replication results in frame shift – all codons after mutation are affected

Answer 16

One base is changed for another during DNA replication-Only codon w/mutation is affected

Answer 17

.amino acid sequence changes .hydrogen/ionic/disulphide bonds between R groups changes .tertiary structure changes

Answer 18

change is in active site of an enzyme then active site is no longer complementary to substrate and enzyme cannot form enzyme-substrate complexes

Answer 19

increase rate of gene mutation eg. UV radiation

Answer 20

.Most likely to occur in meiosis – not being shared equally between daughter cells in metaphase and anaphase .Changes in numbers: Non-dysjunction where one daughter cell gets both of homologous pair and other none

Answer 21

1. change in base sequence 2. formation of new allele NO EFFECT 3. genetic code is degenerate 4. does change amino acid but no effect on tertiary structure 5. recessive so doesn't influence phenotype POSITIVE EFFECT 6. change in polypeptide that positively changes protein 7. may result in increased reproductive success

Answer 22

1. Population size – smaller populations generally have lower genetic diversity and larger populations larger one 2. Inbreeding – reduces genetic diversity 3. Migration – increases genetic diversity 4. Mutations – increases genetic diversity 5. Genetic Bottlenecks – reduces genetic diversity 6. Founder effect – reduces genetic diversity 7. Natural selection – increases frequency of beneficial alleles

Answer 23

previously large population suffers dramatic fall in numbers major environmental event can massively reduce number of individuals in population which in turn reduces genetic diversity in population as alleles are lost surviving individuals end up breeding and reproducing w/close relatives

Answer 24

only small number of individuals from large parent population start new population new population is made up of only few individuals from original population only some of total alleles from parent population will be present not all of gene pool is present in smaller population gene pool is complete range of DNA sequences that exist in all individuals of population or species

Answer 25

.random mutation result in new alleles of gene .selection pressures exist in environment .increase/decrease in chance of survival and reproduction .advantageous alleles pass on to offspring .many generations-increasing allele frequency in population and change in gene pool

Answer 26

.Individuals w/alleles for an extreme type are more likely to survive and reproduce .Some bacteria have alleles that give them resistance to an antibiotic .normal population of bacteria are killed by antibiotic .Resistant bacteria survive and reproduce w/X competition passing on allele for antibiotic resistance to their offspring .After some time most of population will have antibiotic resistance allele

Answer 27

.Individuals w/alleles for middle of the range are more likely to survive and reproduce .Small babies find it hard to maintain their body temperature so less likely to survive .Large babies less likely to survive also .So conditions most favourable for medium sized babies .weight of human babies shifts towards middle of range

Answer 28

.Anatomical adaptations: Structural features eg. whales have thick layer of blubber to keep warm in cold sea .Physiological adaptations: Processes in organism eg. Hibernation over winter reducing metabolic rate to conserve energy when food is scarce .Behavioural adaptations: way an organism acts eg. possums playing dead near to predators

Answer 29

.Set up petri dish w/nutrient agar .Use sterile technique to transfer bacteria from liquid broth to agar .Spread bacteria over plate using spreader .Use sterile forceps to place paper discs soaked w/different concentrations of antibiotic .Also add negative control disc just soaked in sterile water .Incubate at 25oC for 48 hours Inhibition zones are clear: Anywhere bacteria can not grow .size of inhibition zone is how well antibiotic has grown

Answer 30

.Avoids contamination of cultures from unwanted microorganisms, particularly disease causing .Heat glassware, petri dishes and agar in an autoclave in steam under pressure at 121oC for 15 minutes .Sterilise work surfaces before and after using disinfectant .Use Bunsen to set up an air flow upwards to carry bacteria away .Lift petri dish lids w/just enough angle to allow entry of loop and for short time .Secure petri dish lids w/ 2 pieces of tape .Sterilise plastic material using gamma radiation

Answer 31

attempts to arrange species to groups based on their evolutionary origins and relationships

Answer 32

Smaller groups are placed in larger groups w/no overlap between groups Domain → kingdom → phylum → class → order → family → genus → species

Answer 33

genus and species name

Answer 34

Some organisms will look alike due to convergent evolution 2 organisms evolve similar features but are not closely related live in similar environments and are exposed to similar selection pressures Similar alleles will provide similar selective advantages

Answer 35

.DNA sequences – more similarities between base sequences more closely related organisms are e.g same genus .Amino acid sequences – more similarities in amino acid sequence more closely related organisms are .Immunology- Similar proteins in organisms will bind same antibodies eg. see if antibodies that bind to human version of protein will also bind to mouse version of protein

Answer 36

Phylogeny is study of evolutionary history of groups of organisms It tells us who’s related to who and how closely Phylogenetic trees show these evolutional relationships Each branch is common ancestor

Answer 37

variety of organisms living in an area relate to range of habitats from small local habitats eg. pond measure of species richness and abundance

Answer 38

organisms to attract mate of right species essential for successful mating so that organisms can pass on advantageous alleles and species can survive It could be releasing chemicals or series of displays Behaviours and actions which are unique to each species- allows species identify individuals of their own species to mate and reproduce w/ normally performed by males eg. dance, song+ Females choose individual they wish to mate w/ Courtship ensures successful reproduction - Enables individuals to recognise others of their own species and individuals of opposite sex- also synchronises mating behaviour – mating occurs only when individual is sexually mature and in season Courtship increases survival of offspring - Formation of pair bonds – 2 parents looking after offspring increases its survival

Answer 39

all species in particular area at particular time

Answer 40

range of physical, biological and environmental factors in which species can live

Answer 41

measure of number of different species in community It can be calculated by taking random samples of community and counting number of different species

Answer 42

d=N(N-1)/n(n-1) .N = total number of organisms of all species .n = total number of organisms of each species .higher number d, more diverse an area is

Answer 43

cultivation of soil to grow crops usually involves clearing of land to allow more space for crop growing- It often includes use of herbicides to kill weeds and pesticides to kill insects which may feed off of crops-These practices reduce biodiversity of areas

Answer 44

Less habitats, less variety of food sources

Answer 45

Kills insect species- reduction in variety of food sources for organisms higher up food chain

Answer 46

Kills species of weeds- reduction in variety of food types for herbivores

Answer 47

Less variety in food sources- less variety of habitats

Answer 48

balance between need for agriculture and maintaining biodiversity

Answer 49

.Inferring DNA differences from measurable or observable characteristics has been replaced by direct investigation of DNA sequences

Answer 50

comparing mean values of two data sets

Answer 51

.Suggest relationships between different organisms in species and between species .More similarities mean that organisms are more closely related

Answer 52

.By comparing base sequence of DNA .By comparing base sequence of mRNA .By comparing amino acid sequence of proteins

Answer 53

.Divide area into grid .use random computer number generator .use large number of samples to collect reliable and representative sample

CLASSIFICATION + DIVERSITY Flashcards

TOPIC 4