Classification and symptoms

Question 1

What percentage of the world population has schizophrenia?

Answer 1

1%

Question 2

Which gender is schizophrenia more common in?

Answer 2

Men

Question 3

Which two systems for classification are used?

Answer 3

ICD-10

DSM-5

Question 4

How is schizophrenia diagnosed by DSM?

Answer 4

One positive symptom, eg. delusions, hallucinations or speech disorganisations

Question 5

How is schizophrenia diagnosed by ICD?

Answer 5

2 or more negative symptoms

Question 6

What are characteristics of catatonic schizophrenia?

Answer 6

Disturbance of movement leaving the sufferer immobile or alternatively overactive

Question 7

What is a positive symptom?

Answer 7

Symptoms additional to ordinary existence

Question 8

What are some examples of positive symptoms?

Answer 8

Delusions

Hallucinations

Question 9

What is a hallucination?

Answer 9

Unusual sensory experiences
Some related to events in the environment and others are not and are voices heard in the head, either talking or criticising

Question 10

What is a delusion?

Answer 10

Irrational belief

Common involve believing they are Jesus or Napoleon

Question 11

What is a negative symptom?

Answer 11

Loss of usual abilities

Question 12

What are some examples of negative symptoms?

Answer 12

Avolution

Speech poverty

Question 13

What is avolition?

Answer 13

Finding it difficult to begin or keep up with a goal directed activity
also known as apathy

Question 14

What are the three identifying signs of avolution, as identified by Andreason (1982)?

Answer 14

Poor hygiene and grooming
Lack of interest in work and education
Lack of energy

Question 15

What is speech poverty?

Answer 15

Changes in speech patterns

Question 16

How does ICD describe speech poverty?

Answer 16

Negative symptom

Reduction in amount and quality of speech

Question 17

How is speech poverty seen?

Answer 17

Speech disorganisation in which speech becomes incoherent or the speaker changes topic mid sentence

Question 18

How does DSM describe speech poverty?

Answer 18

as a positive symptom

Question 19

What did Ellie Cheniaux find (2009)?

Answer 19

She had 2 independent psychiatrists independently diagnose 100 patients using DSM and ICD.
Inter rater reliability was poor with one psychiatrist diagnosing 26 with Sz according to DSM and 44 according to ICD.
The other diagnosed 13 according to DSM and 24 according to ICD

Question 20

What is reliability?

Answer 20

The extent of consistency

Question 21

What is validity?

Answer 21

The extent to which we are measuring what we set out to measure

Question 22

How is the validity of diagnosis a weakness?

Answer 22

Criterion validity is used to see if using separate systems to diagnose come to the same outcome.
Sz is more likely to be diagnosed using ICD

Question 23

What is co-morbidity?

Answer 23

The phenomenon that 2 or more conditions occur together.

Question 24

What is the issue with co-morbidity?

Answer 24

If conditions occur together a lot of the time, it calls into question the validity of their diagnosis and classification because they may be one condition

Question 25

What did Buckley (2009) find?

Answer 25

Half the patients with a Sz diagnosis, also have depression or substance abuse.
PTSD also occurred in 29% of cases and OCD in 23%.

Question 26

What is the issue with symptom overlap?

Answer 26

Both Sz and bipolar disorder involve positive symptoms like delusions and negative symptoms like avolition and they are diagnosed differently depending on which system is used which causes the diagnosis to be questioned

Question 27

What did Longnecker (2010) find?

Answer 27

Reviewed prevalence of Sz and concluded that since 1980’s men have been diagnosed more than women.
Men may be more genetically vulnerable to developing Sz

Question 28

What did Cotton say (2009)?

Answer 28

Female patients function better than men as they are more likely to work and have steady family relationships

Question 29

What is the issue with culture bias in diagnosis?

Answer 29

African Americans and English Afro-carribeans are several times more likely than white people to be diagnosed

Question 30

Why does culture bias occur?

Answer 30

In African cultures, hearing voices may be acceptable but when reported to a psychiatrist of a different cultural background, this leads to diagnosis

Question 31

What did Escobar (2012) find?

Answer 31

Pointed out that overwhelmingly white psychiatrists may tend to over-interpret symptoms and trust the dishonesty of black people during diagnosis