Classification and phylogeny Flashcards
what is Phylogeny
the study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms
-it studies how close different species are related
What are the features of artificial classification
-based off of onlya few characteristics
-does not reflect any evolutionary relationships
-limited info
-stable
what are the features of natural classification
uses many characteristics
provides a lot of useful info
changes with advancing knowledge
reflects evolutionary relations
What does phylogeny tell us about ancestory
any two species living now have had a common ancestor
What is the name of the chart which indicates how closely related species are.
Phylogenetic tree- shows evolutionary relationships showing how closely related species are
What species are humans closely related to
Humans and Gorillas are closely related
How are humans and gorillas closely related
Share same features
have had a common ancestor
can both be classified in the same taxonomic group
both in the same phylogenetic group (monophyletic)
what does the term monophyletic mean
used if species are in the same phylogenetic group- if they have evolved from the same species
What is a common ancestor
species which 2+ groups have descended from.
What is the difference between classification and phylogeny
Classification- organising organisms based off of shared characteristics and grouping them into the taxonomic heirarchy.
Phylogeny- understanding the evolutionary relationships between organisms
why is cytochrome C an important biological molecule in phylogeny
Cytochrome C- A protein in mitochondria needed for respiration.
Scientists can compare the amino acid sequence of cytochrome C between different species. The more similar sequences determine the close relations
what is cytochrome c
protein found in the mitochondria of cells, involved in respiration
what are the two main biological molecules which are used in phylogeny
Cytochrome C- protein in mitochondria
Haemoglobin
dna
How is haemoglobin useful in phylogeny
Used to carry oxygen in blood
Scientists can compare the similarities and differences between the amino acid sequence of haemoglobin between species
to determine phylogeny
how is dna used to determine closely related species
differences in dna nucleotide sequences between two species can determine how closely related a species is
what are the three features of genetic cofde
universal
non overlapping
degenerate
what did carl woese discover
3 domains
and 6 kingdoms
what are the three domains
Archaea
Eubacteria
eukaryotae
what are his six kingdoms
animalia
fungi
eubacteria
plantae
protoctistae
arachaebacteria-
carl divided life based on differenced between rna structure. why did he use rna
because it functions the same in all organisms
its sequences can be the same between 2 organisms
it is universally distributed means its present in all species
what is the archaea domain
ancient bacteria
extremophiles- survive harsh environment
bacteria domain description
cell wall made of peptidoglycan
different enzymes for rna synthesis
naked dna, no histone proteins bound to dna
what did linneaus do
linnaeus- used human observation to classify organisms
used anatomy and where they move or live (observational features).
what research developed classification
development of microscopes, biochemistry
development of microscopes, can examine cells in detail.
