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Marine Vert Exam 1 > Classification and External Anatomy > Flashcards

Classification and External Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary development and history of a species or higher taxonomic grouping or organisms.

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2
Q

Lineage

A

A sequence of species each of which is considered to have evolved from its predecessor

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3
Q

Traits or characters

A

A distinguishing quality for a species or group

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4
Q

Apomorphies

A

Derived characters or traits

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5
Q

Plesiomorphies

A

Ancestral characters

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6
Q

Synapomorphies

A

Shared derived characters

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7
Q

Symplesiomorphies

A

shared ancestral characters

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8
Q

Autapomorphies

A

Specialized characters that exist in only one group and are therefore useful for defining that group

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9
Q

Node

A

A point of divergence; a common ancestor

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10
Q

Clade

A

A group without rank

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11
Q

Sister groups

A

Most closely related to each other

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12
Q

Dorsal

A

Back/topside

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13
Q

Ventral

A

Belly/underside

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14
Q

Frontal

A

front/face

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15
Q

Caudal

A

back/tail

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16
Q

Medial

A

middle

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17
Q

Lateral

A

side

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18
Q

Spines

A

stiff and sharp

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19
Q

Rays

A

soft, often branching, and segmented

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20
Q

Ceratotrichia

A

Stiff protein elements that support fins in cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes)

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21
Q

Paired fins

A

pectoral and pelvic

22
Q

Unpaired or median fins

A

dorsal, caudal, and anal

23
Q

Caudal fins

A

create forward motion/thrust

24
Q

Protocercal

A

primitive, extends around the posterior end (lancelets)

25
Q

Leptocercal

A

Dorsal and anal rays joined with caudal around posterior of fish; vertebra extend fully into tail (coelacanth)

26
Q

Heterocercal

A

unequal lobed, asymmetrical; vertebral column extends into the upper lobe (most sharks, sturgeons)

27
Q

Homocercal

A

equal lobes, symmetrical (most bony fishes)

28
Q

4 Homocercal caudal fin types

A

Round, Truncate, Forked, Lunate

29
Q

Gephyrocercal

A

“bridge tail”. Dorsal and anal fins have grown around posterior end of fish (Mola)

30
Q

Anal fin

A

help the fish go up and down, help with stabilization

31
Q

Pelvic fins

A

Paired; for steering

32
Q

Abdominal pelvic fins

A

Much farther back on the body; in ancestral fishes

33
Q

Thoracic pelvic fins

A

Under the pectoral fin; derived fishes

34
Q

Jugular pelvic fins

A

Under the operculum; derived fishes

35
Q

Pectoral fins

A

Provide lift, used for maneuvering in tight spaces (like a coral reef)

36
Q

Dorsal fins

A

stabilize against rolling, assist in turns; may have spines, rays, or both

37
Q

Sagittiform

A

arrow-like, fast-start lie-in-wait predators (pikes, gars, barracuda)

38
Q

Taeniform

A

Ribbon-like fishes (gunnels)

39
Q

Anguilliform

A

Snake-like, good for hiding on holes (eels and lampreys)

40
Q

Filiform

A

filamentous

41
Q

Depressiform

A

dorso-ventrally flattened fishes (flounder, skates, rays)

42
Q

Compressiform

A

laterally flattened fishes (bass, sunfish, butterfly fishes)

43
Q

Fusiform

A

pointy on both ends; fast fish, pursuit predators (tuna, mako sharks)

44
Q

Globiform

A

globe-like (porcupine, puffer fish)

45
Q

Canines

A

grasping

46
Q

Molars

A

crushing

47
Q

Incisors

A

chiseling

48
Q

Pharyngeal (“throat”) teeth

A

good for prey handling in fish that swallow prey whole

49
Q

Triangular cutting teeth

A

cutting, tearing

50
Q

Taxonomy

A

The branch of science concerned with classification, especially of organisms

Marine Vert Exam 1 (2 decks)

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