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Biology Kireth > Classification and Evolution > Flashcards

Classification and Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the taxonomic groups? (in order)

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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2
Q

Who invented the Linnaean system?

A

Carl Linnaeaus

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3
Q

What is the first level of classification?

A

The three Domains

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4
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya

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5
Q

Why do scientists classify organisms?

A
  • to identify species
  • to predict characteristics
  • to find evolutionary links
  • by using a single classification system, organisms can be identified worldwide
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6
Q

Define a species?

A

a group of organisms that are able to produce fertile offspring

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7
Q

What does binomial nomenclature mean?

A

Genus then species

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8
Q

What are the five kingdoms?

A
  • Prokaryotae
  • Protoctista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
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9
Q

What are the general features of Prokaryotae?

A
  • unicellular
  • no nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
  • small ribosomes
  • no visible feeding mechanism
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10
Q

What are the general features of Protoctista?

A
  • mainly unicellular
  • a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
  • some have chloroplast
  • nutrients acquired by photosynthesis and digestion
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11
Q

What are the general features of Fungi?

A
  • uni and multicellular
  • nucleus and cell wall containing chitin
  • no chloroplasts
  • most store food as glycogen
  • nutrients are acquired by absorption
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12
Q

What are the general features of Plantae?

A
  • multicellular
  • nucleus with membrane bound organelles
  • all contain chlorophyll
  • food stored as starch
  • nutrients acquired by phtotsynthesis
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13
Q

What are the general features of Animalia

A
  • multicellular
  • nucleus with membrane bound organelles, no cell wall
  • no chloroplast
    -food stored as glycogen
  • nutrients acquired by ingestion
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14
Q

What are the key features of Eukarya?

A
  • have 80s ribosomes
  • RNA polymerase, responsible for most mRNA transcription
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15
Q

What are the key features of Archaea?

A
  • have 70s ribosomes
  • RNA polymerase of 8 to 10 proteins
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16
Q

What are the key features of Bacteria?

A
  • have 70s ribosomes
  • RNA polymerase contains 5 proteins
17
Q

What are Archaebacteria?

A

can live in extreme environments

18
Q

What are Eubacteria?

A

‘true’ more common bacteria

19
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

name given to evolutionary relationships

20
Q

What are the advantages phylogenetics?

A

can be used to compared to classification systems
- scientists are forced not force classifications
- classification systems imply organisms are similar even though they may not be

21
Q

What did Charles Darwin invent?

A

Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

22
Q

What is the evidence of evolution?

A
  • Palaeontology - study of fossil records
  • Comparative anatomy - similarities and diffs between organism’s anatomy
  • looking at biochemistry of diff organisms
23
Q

What is a homologous structure?

A

Structure that appears different (performs a different function), but has the same underlying structure

24
Q

What is interspecific variation?

A

between members of different species

25
Q

What is intraspecific variation?

A

differences between organisms within a species

26
Q

What are the causes of variation?

A
  • genetic mutations
  • change in environment
27
Q

What are the genetic causes of variation?

A
  1. Alleles (genes have different alleles
  2. Mutations (change in DNA sequence - genes - proteins that are produced)
  3. Meiosis (two parents genetic material mixed)
  4. random fertilisation
28
Q

What is discontinuous variation?

A

no in between values, variation determined purely by genetic factors fall into this category

29
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

a characteristic that can take any value from one extreme e.g. height

30
Q

What are normal distribution curves?

A

when continuous variation data is plotted onto a graph, result in bell shaped curve

31
Q

What are the three types of adaptations?

A
  • anatomical - physical features
  • behavioural - the way an organism acts
  • physiological - the processes that take place inside on organism
32
Q

What are 3 examples of anatomical adaptations?

A
  • body covering
  • camouflage
  • teeth
  • mimicry
33
Q

What are three examples of behavioural adaptations?

A
  • survival behaviours e.g. playing dead
  • courtship
  • migration
34
Q

What are 3 examples of physiological adaptations?

A
  • poison production
  • antibiotic production
  • water holding
35
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

when they perform the same role, but the structure is very different

36
Q

Why does natural selection occur?

A

due to selection pressures, or change in the environment

37
Q

What is the process of natural selection?

A
  1. organisms within a species begin to show variation, which means there are different alleles present within the population
  2. the organisms that are best adapted to the selection pressure (have the advantageous allele) have increased chance of survival
  3. This means that they are more likely to outcompete, survive and reproduce
  4. They pass on the advantageous allele to their offspring making it more widespread in the population

Biology Kireth (7 decks)

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