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biodiversity, evolution and disease > classification and evolution > Flashcards

classification and evolution Flashcards

1
Q

who invented hierarchical classification?

A

carl linnaeus

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2
Q

what is the taxonomic rank?

A

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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3
Q

what are the three domains?

A
  • eukarya
  • eubacteria
  • archaea
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4
Q

what are the 5 kingdoms?

A
  • plantae
  • animalia
  • protoctista
  • fungi
  • prokaryote
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5
Q

what is a species?

A

group of individual orgaisms whose members are able to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring

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6
Q

what are the advantages of binomial nomenclature?

A
  • easier identification based on recognised characteristics
  • predict characteristics
  • evolutionary link
  • globally recognised
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7
Q

what is taxonomy?

A

classification of organisms based on observable characteristics

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8
Q

what is phylogeny?

A

evolutionary relationships

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9
Q

what is a hierarchy?

A

larger groups broke down into smaller ones

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10
Q

who introduced domains?

A

carl woese

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11
Q

why were domains introduced?

A

study of RNA polymerase, cell wall material and cell membrane structure showed that prokaryotes could be split into two groups

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12
Q

what are the similarities between archaea and eukarya?

A
  • lacks peptidoglycan in cell walls
  • methionine is the start codon in protein synthesis
  • growth not inhibited by streptomycin
  • histones are associated with DNA
  • several types of RNA polymerase
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13
Q

what are similarities between archaea and eubacteria?

A
  • circular chromosomes
  • lacks nuclear envelope
  • lacks membrane bound organelles
  • 70s ribosomes
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14
Q

what are the features of animalia?

A
  • membrane bound organelles
  • no cell wall
  • nucleus
  • heterotrophic
  • muticellular
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15
Q

what are the features of plantae?

A
  • membrane bound organelles
  • cell wall of cellulose
  • nucleus
  • autotrophic
  • multicellular
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16
Q

what are the features of fungi?

A
  • membrane bound organelles
  • cell wall of chitin
  • nucleus
  • heterotrophic/saprophytic
  • multi or unicellular
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17
Q

what are the features of prokaryotes

A
  • no membrane bound organelles
  • cell wall of peptidoglycan
  • no nucleus
  • unicellular
  • hetero or autotrophic
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18
Q

what are the features of protoctista?

A
  • membrane bound organelles
  • sometimes have a cell wall of various chemicals
  • nucleus
  • autotrophic or heterotrophic
  • unicellular
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19
Q

what is phylogenetic classification?

A
  • grouped based on evolutionary links
  • greater level of homology in amino acid sequences means they are expected to be closely related
20
Q

how is a scientists research validated?

A
  • reproduced with the same results
  • more supporting evidence
  • peer review
21
Q

what is evolution?

A

gradual change in heritable traits of organisms over many years

22
Q

what were darwins 4 key observations?

A
  • organisms produce more offspring than survive
  • variation in characteristics of the same species
  • these are passed on through generations
  • best adapted to the environment survive
23
Q

what are the principles of natural selection?

A
  • overproduction leads to competition
  • variation due to mutation
  • selection via adaption
  • breed and pass on characteristic
24
Q

what are the causes of variation?

A
  • enviromental factors
  • meiosis (crossing over, independent assortment)
  • mutations and alleles
25
Q

intraspecific vs interspecific?

A
  • intra is variation between individuals in a species
  • inter is variation between members of different species
26
Q

what are selection pressures?

A

external agents which affect an organisms ability to survive in a given environment

27
Q

what are some examples of selection pressures?

A
  • predators
  • resources and nutrients
  • disease
  • abiotic factors (temp, pH)
28
Q

why did people originally oppose Darwins theory of evolution?

A
  • belief in God
  • people didnt want to descend from apes
  • no evidence as alleles hadnt been discovered
29
Q

what is a pentadactyl limb and what are its different uses?

A
  • mammals, reptiles birds etc all share a similar 5 digit limb
    birds - flying
    humans - tool handling
    whales - swimming
30
Q

what is the evidence for evolution?

A
  • comparative anatomy
  • embryology (embryo development)
  • DNA (amino acid chains, base triplet codes, similar alleles)
  • fossil records (remains preserved in rocks, can identify ancestors)
31
Q

what are homologous structures?

A

similar anatomical structure but different superficial structure

32
Q

what are analogous structures?

A

similar superficial structure but different anatomical structure

33
Q

what are homologous and analogous structures evidence for and how do they occur?

A

homologous - divergent evolution
- due to common ancestors
analogous - convergent evolution
- due to common selection pressures

34
Q

convergent evolution case study

A

marsupial and placental moles
- no eyes as they dont need to see undergroud
- n external ears to make head streamlined for burrowing
- claw suitable for digging

35
Q

what is intraspecific variation?

A

differences between populations of the same species

36
Q

what is interspecific variation?

A

differences between different species

37
Q

how are scientists able to estimate the age of extinct organisms?

A

fossils that are further in the ground are older than ones closer to the top

38
Q

why is the 3 domain system used instead of the 5 kingdom system?

A
  • better reflects evolutionary relationships
  • key differences between bacteria and eukaryotes
  • differences between bacteria and archaea eg dna replication methods
39
Q

explain how phylogeny is related to classification

A
  • phylogeny is study of evolutionary relationships and is the basis for evolution
  • species with common ancestors and similar evolutionary history are classified together
40
Q

how is a specific molecule used to determine how species have evolved from common ancestors?

A
  • sequences of amino acids
  • the smaller the percentage difference between sequences the more closely related they are
41
Q

why can scottish wildcat and english wildcat not yet be different species?

A
  • can still produce fertile offspring
  • still genetically similar
42
Q

how do biological molecules provide evidence that species have evolved?

A
  • if DNA base sequences in both species show similarity then they have close recent common ancestors
  • if amino acid sequences in proteins are similar it implies evolutionary relations
43
Q

describe types of evidence that support evolution

A

similarities in:
- amino acid sequences
- DNA base sequencing
- RNA polymerase
more similar means more closely related
- comparison of behaviours eg. similar finches occupying different niches
- comparision of anatomy eg pentadactyl limb

44
Q

what are the conditions for speciation to occur?

A
  • isolation
  • allele mutation
  • different selection pressure
  • natural selection
45
Q

why would small isolated groups of the same species in different regions become extinct faster?

A
  • limited gene pool so cannot adapt to environmental changes
  • all wiped out by one disease
  • more vulnerable to predators
46
Q
A

biodiversity, evolution and disease (3 decks)

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