Classification And Evolution

Question 1

What is classification?

Answer 1

The grouping together of similar organisms

Question 2

What is taxonomy

Answer 2

The study of classification

Question 3

What are the 3 domains.

Answer 3

Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria

Question 4

Name the taxonomic hierarchy, from least to most specialized

Answer 4

Domain.
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 5

What are the 5 Kingdoms, give examples and features

Answer 5

Prokaryote: Bacteria - unicellular, no nucleus, less than 5micrometers

Protoctista: algae, protozoa - eukaryotic, single called or simple multicellular

Fungi: Yeast - eukaryotic, saprotrophic, single called or multicellular, chitin

Plantae: Plants: multicellular, photosynthesis, autotrophic, cellulose.

Animalia: mammals, reptiles: multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell wall.

Question 6

What is the binomial naming system.

Answer 6

Genus species

Genus always capital
species lower case
Underlined

Question 7

What is a benefit of the binomial naming system?

Answer 7

Avoids confusion
No language barrier.

Question 8

What is phylogeny?

Answer 8

The study of evolutionary history of group of organisms.
Tell us how closely related animals are are who they are related to.

Question 9

How can we tell if 2 organisms are closely related?

Answer 9

Two species which have diverged away from each other very recently

Question 10

Why was classifying animals only on observable features not enough?

Answer 10

Scientists won’t always agree.
Example:
Shark and whales look quite similar, but they aren’t closely related.

Question 11

What evidence can we use to show how similar organisms are?

Answer 11

Molecular evidence:
similarities in proteins or DNA ( Base sequence) or amino acid sequence ( Cytochrome C)

Embryological evidence:
similarities in early stages of development

Anatomical evidence:
Similarities in structure and function of different body parts

Behavioral:
Similarities in behavior and social organization of organisms.

Question 12

What Evidence led to the proposal of the 3 domain system.

Answer 12

Molecular Evidence:
RNA polymerase is different in bacteria and Archaea.
Archaea but no bacteria have similar histones to Eukarya

Cell membrane evidence:
Bonds of lipids in cell membranes are different in bacteria and archaea

Development and composition of flagellum are also different.

Question 13

What causes variation?

Answer 13

Genetic
Environment
Both

Question 14

What is a behavioral adaptation?

Answer 14

The way an organism acts to increase its chance of survival.
(Possums play dead)

Question 15

What is a physiological adaptation?

Answer 15

Processes inside an organisms body that increase the chance of survival.
(Hibernation to reduce rate of metabolism)

Question 16

What are anatomical adorations?

Answer 16

Structural features of an organisms body that increase the chance of survival.
(Otters have a streamlined shape)
(Whales have a thick layer of blubber)

Question 17

What is convergent evolution?

Answer 17

When 2 species evolve similar characteristics independently of one another. ( Adapted to live in similar environments)

Question 18

What is divergent evolution?

Answer 18

Process by which interbreeding species diverged into 2 or more evolutionary groups.

Question 19

What are sources of evidence for evolution?

Answer 19

Fossil record: Shows a gradual change in characteristic over thousands of years

DNA evidence: organisms which diverged more recently should have more similar DNA. (DNA obtained for mitochondria and Nucleus)

Molecular evidence: Compare amino acid sequences and antibodies.

Question 20

How do insects build resistance to pesticides:

Answer 20

1. Variation in a population of insects, mutations create alleles resistant to a pesticide.
2. If population exposed to herbicide they will survive and reproduce
3. Alleles which causes resistance are passed into offspring

Question 21

How does pesticide resistance cause implications for humans?

Answer 21

1. Crop infestations and it’s pesticide resistance are harder to control.
   Killing then could kill crop, or use of broader pesticides which could kill beneficial insects.
2. Disease carry insects become resistant the spread of Disease could increase.
3. A population could evolve resistance to all pesticides in use, so new ones have to her produced. Expensive and time consuming.