Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Module 4 > Classification and evolution > Flashcards

Classification and evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Binomial system

A

A system that uses the genus name and the species name to avoid confusion when naming organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Classification

A

The process of placing living things into groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why do we classify living things

A

-convenience
-makes study of living things more manageable
-makes it easier to identify organisms
-helps see the relationships between species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What were the first organisms classified into

A

Air, water, soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the modern classification hierarchy
(taxonomic groups)

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Daddy King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Who devised the first system of classification and how did they do it

A

Carl Linnaeus
-grouped organisms based on similarity in their features
-divided into taxonomic groups, originally Kingdom, Class. Order, Genus, species but has been modified and expanded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a domain

A

the highest taxonomic rank
three domains: archaea bacteria. eubacteria, eukaryote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a kingdom

A

five kingdoms:
plantae, Animalia, fungi, protoctista - eukaryotes
prokaryote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a phylum

A

group of organisms that all have the same body plan i.e. possession of backbone
chortada - nervous system protected by vertebal column
Arthropoda - hard exoskeleton and jointed limbs i.e insects and spiders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a class

A

a group of organisms that possess all the same general traits
i.e. the same number of legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an order

A

sub-division of class using additional info about the organisms
i.e. mammal is divided into Carnivora and herbivore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a family

A

a group of closely related genera
i.e. within Carnivora there is dogs and cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a genus

A

A group of closely related species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a species

A

the basic unit of classification
- show some variation but are essentially the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens as you decrease in taxonomic groups

A

Becomes increasingly difficult to separate closely related species and to place accurately

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the binomial system (devised by Carl Linnaeus)

A

a system that uses the genus name and the species name to avoid confusion when classifying organisms
i.e. Homo sapiens
Homo - genus (always given uppercase first letter)
sapiens - species (written in italics/ underlined)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why does grouping organisms with a common name not work

A
  • same organisms may have different common names in different parts of one country
  • different names are used in different countries
  • translations of languages may give dialects different names
    -same common name may be used for same species in different parts of the world
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the universal language Linnaeus used

A

Latin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the biological definition of a species and what’s wrong with it

A

’ a group of organisms that can freely interbreed to produce fertile off spring’
-does not work for organisms that can reproduce asexually/ fossils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the phylogenetic definition of a species

A

’ a group of individual organisms that are very similar in appearance, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, genetics ‘

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do similar species all occupy

A

the same niche in an ecosystem
- this allowed for easier classification
- mistakes could still be made only could get even more accurate classification with microscopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What organisms did not fit into their kingdoms with the 2 kingdom classification

A

fungi - roots but do not photosynthesise
euglena - can move and photosynthesise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the characteristics of an organism in the prokaryote kingdom

A
  • have no nucleus
  • loop of DNA that is not arranged in linear chromosomes
  • naked DNA
  • no membrane bound organelles
  • smaller ribosomes then in other groups
  • cells smaller than eukaryotes
  • may be free living or parasitic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the characteristics of an organism in the protoctista kingdom

A
  • eukaryotic
  • single celled (many algae are multicellular though)
  • variety of forms ( only common feature is don’t belong to any of the other four kingdoms)
  • show various plant/ animal features
  • mostly free-living
  • autotrophic/ heterotrophic nutrition - some photosynthesize, some ingest prey, some feed using extracellular enzymes, some are parasites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the characteristics of an organism in the plantae kingdom

A
  • eukaryotic
  • multicellular
  • cells surrounded by a cellulose cell wall
  • autotrophic (absorb simple molecules and build them into larger organic molecules)
  • contain chlorophyll
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the characteristics of an organism in the Animalia kingdom

A
  • eukaryotic
  • multicellular
  • heterotrophic ( digest large organisms to form smaller molecules for absorption)
  • usually able to move around
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is convergent evolution

A

two organisms can adapt in the same way and look very similar
- could be grouped in the same taxonomic group based on observable characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How are biological molecules used in classification

A
  • two organisms with similar are closely related as they have not evolved separately for long
  • differences reflect the evolutionary relationships - backed up scientific research and clarify
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is cytochrome C

A

used in respiration - in all living organisms that respire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How can cytochrome C be used to classify organisms

A
  • not identical in all living species
  • different sequences of amino acid allows scientists to draw conclusions:
    If sequences are the same must be closely related
    If different not so closely related
    More differences the less closely related the species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How does cytochrome C differ in humans and different organisms

A

humans and chimpanzees identical - close
Humans and rhesus monkey, one difference - close
Humans and dogfish, 11 differences - not close

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is DNA

A
  • provides the genetic code, the instruction for producing proteins
  • universal - particular sequence of DNA codes for same sequence of amino acids in all living organism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How can DNA be used in classification

A
  • DNA can contain mutations
  • compare DNA sequences- more similar the more closely related the two species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the three Domain classification

A

Carl Woese
- based ideas on RNA gene
- divided prokaryote into eubacteria and archaea bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How is archaea bacteria similar to eukaryotes
( another fundamental difference to eubacteria)

A
  • similar enzymes ( RNA polymerase) for synthesising RNA
  • similar mechanisms for DNA replication and synthesising RNA
  • production of some proteins that bond to their DNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What did Woese argue about DNA and RNA

A

RNA and DNA are basic mechanisms that translates genes into visible characteristics
- differences between bacteria therefore fundamental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the two different types of classification

A

Artificial/ Natural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is artificial classification and benefits

A

Done for convenience so easy to remember:
- based on a few characteristics
- doesn’t reflect evolutionary relationships
- provides limited information
- stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is natural classification

A

taxonomic groups:
- uses many characteristics
- reflects evolutionary relationships
- provides lots of useful information
- may change with advancing knowledge

40
Q

Why is natural classification between different organisms in the modern world useful

A

If you want to find out more about endangered species, research can be carried out on a similar species that is not endangered
- helps make conservation more successful

41
Q

What is phylogeny

A

the study of evolutionary relationships between organisms

42
Q

How does a phylogenetic tree work

A

-any two living species today had had a common ancestor alive in the past
-the time at which the two species start to evolve separately is a branch in the tree
- the more recent the common ancestor, the more closely related the two species

43
Q

What did Darwin come up with

A

Natural Selection - features of the environment apply a selective pressure on the reproduction of individuals in an environment

44
Q

What were Darwin’s observations

A
  • Offspring generally appear similar to their parents
  • No two individuals are identical
  • Organisms have the ability to produce large numbers of offspring
  • populations in nature tend to stay the same size
45
Q

What were Darwin’s conclusions

A
  • there is a struggle to survive
  • better adapted individuals survive and pass on their characteristics
  • over time a number of species gives rise to a new species
46
Q

How are fossils used as evidence for evolution

A

They showed that modern species had similarities to the fossils, but had variations to adapt to their environment

47
Q

How are biological molecules used as evidence for evolution

A
  • biological molecules are in all living species, if one species gives rise to another suggests the same - all have one common ancestor
    -more closely related, more similarities in biological molecules
  • cytochrome c e.g.
48
Q

How is mitochondria used in evolution

A
  • mDNA is passed on through the mother during sexual reproduction
  • mutates more as doesn’t have the same proof reading systems as DNA
  • lots of variations in mDNA in people in different parts of the world
  • can be used to find origins of different races
49
Q

What is standard deviation

A

A measure that spreads out the mean
-low means data has a low range and are grouped closely to the mean = reliable
-high means data has a large range and are less well grouped = unreliable

50
Q

How do you work out the spread of the data sheet

A

mean +/- the standard deviation
if leaves show a normal distribution
68 % lies within range of mean +/- SD x1
98% lies within range of mean +/- SD x2
- anything outside is viewed as anomalous

51
Q

What is the T-test

A

Used to compare two means, whether the difference between the two means is a significant difference

52
Q

What must you do before starting the T-test

A

State a null hypothesis - there is no significant difference between the two sets of means of data
- t test will test whether we can reject/accept this hypothesis

53
Q

What is the number of degrees of freedom

A

(sample size - number of data sets)
i.e. ( n1- n2 ) -2 = 18
must be considered when calculating the t-tests significance

54
Q

How do we know if we should accept/ reject the null hypothesis

A

Read off table the value of 18 has 2.1 freedom i.e.
If greater then 5% value then accept if below then reject

55
Q

What is a correlation co-efficient

A

used to consider the relationship between two sets of data
Spearman’s rank correlation tells us whether the two sets of data are correlated or not

56
Q

How to do the spearman’s rank correlation

A

D- difference between the values
state null hypothesis
if under critical value then no correlation

57
Q

What is adaption

A

a characteristic that enhances survival in a habitat

58
Q

What will a well adapted organism be able to do

A
  • find enough food to photosynthesise well
  • find enough water
    -gather enough nutrients
    -defend itself against predators and disease
    -survive physical conditions of environment
  • respond to changes in environment
  • have sufficient energy to allow reproduction
59
Q

What are the different ways an organism can adapt

A

anatomical/ behavioural/ physiological

60
Q

How is Marram Grass adapted

A

It is adapted to living on sand dunes where there is little water available so adapted to take up as much water as possible

61
Q

What does anatomical mean

A

structural features that enhances organisms survival

62
Q

What are the anatomical adaptions of marram grass

A

1) long roots
2) Roots spread over wide area
3) Leaves are curled
4) Lower epidermis is covered in hairs
5) Lower epidermis is folded to create pits in which stomata are positioned
6) Low density of stomata
7) Leaf covered in thick waxy cuticle

63
Q

How are long roots an advantage for Marram Grass

A

plant to reach water deep underground

64
Q

How are roots spread over a wide area an advantage for Marram Grass

A

absorb water where its available, helps stabilise sand dune

65
Q

How are curled leaves an advantage for Marram Grass

A

reduces SA exposed to the wind, traps air inside against lower epidermis so moisture can build up in enclosed space

66
Q

How is the lower epidermis covered in hairs an advantage for Marram Grass

A
  • reduces air movement so water retained close to lower epidermis
67
Q

How is the Lower epidermis folded to create pits in which stomata are positioned - an advantage for Marram Grass

A

water vapour build up in pits reduces water loss

68
Q

How is a low density of stomata - an advantage for Marram Grass

A

fewer stomata means less water lost

69
Q

How is Leaf covered in thick waxy cuticle - an advantage for Marram Grass

A

reduced evaporation of water from the leaf

70
Q

What are behavioural adaptions

A

behaviour aspect of organism that enhances survival in habitat i.e. earthworm is blind so contracts and hides in burrow, rapid withdrawal
- marram grass curls up leaves/ covered by sand grow more quickly to reach sunlight

71
Q

What is a physiological/ biochemical adaption

A

Adaption that ensures correct functioning of cell processes

72
Q

What are the physiological adaptions of marram grass

A

1) ability to roll up leaves due to specialised hinge cells in lower epidermis
2)guard cells work in a similar way to open and close the stomata
3) able to survive salty conditions of the sea
4) Leaves contain many lignified cells that provide support when turgidity is lost

73
Q

How is the ability to roll up leaves due to specialised hinge cells in lower epidermis - an advantage for Marram Grass

A

-Cells lose water and turgidity when water is scarce curl up leaf
- water is available hinge cells become turgid opening leaf for easier access to CO2 and photosynthesis

74
Q

How do guard cells work in a similar way to open and close the stomata

A

-non turgid cells close the stomata
-turgid cells open the stomata

75
Q

How does marram survive the salty conditions of the sea

A

Marram is not very salt tolerant but maintains Cell water potential lower then other plants

76
Q

How is Leaves containing many lignified cells - an advantage for Marram Grass

A

provide support when turgidity is lost
-keeps leaf upright when water is not available

77
Q

What organisms show an example of convergent evolution

A

Moles / marsupial moles have:
- cylindrical body
- small eyes
- strong front legs
- large claws on front legs
- short fur
-short tail

78
Q

What is variation

A

the presence of differences between individuals

79
Q

What is intraspecific variation

A

the variation of individuals in the same species

80
Q

the variation of individuals in the same species

A

the variation of individuals in the same species

81
Q

Continuous variation

A

variation where there are two extremes and a range of values in between
- most individuals are close to the mean value at the extremes number of individuals showing that is quite low
- usually regulated by more than one gene and can be influenced by the environment in which the organism lives
e.g. height, length of a leaf, length of stalk

82
Q

Discontinuous variation

A

where there are distinct categories and nothing in between
- may be evenly distributed or more then one type in one category than the others
- regulated by a single gene and not influenced by environmental factors
e.g. gender/ human blood groups

83
Q

What are the two causes of variation

A

genetic and environmental

84
Q

What is inherited/genetic variation

A

genes we inherit from parents have different combinations of alleles in each living organism

85
Q

What is environmental variation

A

environment affects characteristics
i.e. Hawthorne tree constantly cut will become more bushy and stop growing as much

86
Q

What are combined effects

A

Genetic and environmental variation being connected to perform variation
- humans have become taller as a result of a better diet
- not all our genes are active at the same time i.e. adolescence certain genes are being switched on/off
- changes in environment can affect genes that are active

87
Q

How does natural selection work

A

1) In any population variation occurs as a result of mutations
2) if there are different varieties there will be competition for food/ space
3) selection pressure is exerted on the environment
4) Organisms most adapted to environment will survive as they have the most advantageous alleles
5) They reproduce and pass on genetic mutations to offspring
6) Over time this could give rise to a new species

88
Q

What wont be passed onto offspring

A

Variation due to environmental factors such as a scar

89
Q

Is evolution still happening today

A

Yes - whenever a species or group of organisms are placed under a new selection pressure (use of antibiotics/pesticides) different characteristics will be selected evolution will occur = most obvious in organisms with a short life cycle

90
Q

How do bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics

A

1) mutation causes bacterium to develop that has resistance to a particular antibiotic - this causes variation in a population
2) mutation will give an advantageous allele to bacterium that allows it to develop resistance to the antibiotics and survive under a selection pressure
3) Resistant bacterium will survive, whilst those without advantageous allele will not, and pass on advantageous allele to next generation
4) This creates a new strain of bacterium resistant to antibiotics

91
Q

Why has antibiotic resistance occurred

A

Because of the overuse of antibiotics in humans/ agriculture and people not taking the full course of antibiotics

92
Q

What are the problems with antibiotics developing resistance to insecticides

A

Insecticide is designed to kill pests and exerts a strong selection pressure
- if individual has genetic mutation may survive and become more resistant as has advantageous allele
- Can cause problems in the food chain as when insect is eaten causes predator to receive more concentrated does of insecticide
-occurred with DDT insecticide causing thinning of eggs in bald eagle population

93
Q

What happens if you don’t take the full course of antibiotics

A

Resistant bacteria with advantageous alleles will survive selection pressure and reproduce in the blood creating a new strain resistant to the antibiotics
- some doctors now prescribe multiple antibiotics to reduce the chances of survival

94
Q

How to selectively breed

A

1)cross / breed, with disease resistant variety 2)method to test offspring for disease resistance ; select , best offspring / offspring with resistance ;
3)(inter)breed, offspring with resistance / best offspring ;
4) (continue process) for (many) generations ;
5) idea of avoid breeding, closely related / AW , individuals to preserve genetic diversity ;
6) ora (regularly back) cross with, wild variety ; idea of preserving rare varieties in case they are needed in the future ;

95
Q

Why might one island have more variation then another

A

Diff islands have diff selection pressures on the environment

96
Q

How is DNA easily replicated

A

-Double stranded
-Each strand acts as a template
-Hydrogen bonds easily broken between bases
-Complementary base pairing
-purine (only able to) bind to pyrimidine ; (due to) different sizes of purines and pyrimidines
- hydrogen bonding different between A & T and C & G or 3 H bonds between C & G and 2 H bonds between A & T ;

97
Q

What is it when a new species becomes known

A

Speciation

Module 4 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions