Classification and Conservation

Question 0

Define habitat

Answer 0

The area inhabited by a species, includes the physical features eg temperature and living/biotic features eg availability of food

Question 1

Define species

Answer 1

A group of similar organisms able to reproduce to give fertile offspring

Question 2

Define biodiversity

Answer 2

The variety of living organisms in an area

Question 3

What’s habitat diversity

Answer 3

Number of different habitats in an area, eg beach, marsh, sand dunes

Question 4

What’s species diversity

Answer 4

Number of different species and the abundance of each species inan area, eg woodland contains many species

Question 5

What’s genetic diversity

Answer 5

The variation of alleles within a species or population of a species

Question 6

How do you sample biodiversity

Answer 6

Choose a small area to sample using random sampling eg computer generated numbers of the habitat you’re studying. Count the number of individuals of each species, plants quadrat, insects sweep net or pitfall trap, aquatic net. Repeat, the ,ore samples the more reliable as gives a better indication of whole habitat. Use results to estimate total for habitat

Question 7

What’s species richness and how’s it measured

Answer 7

Number of different species in an area. Measured by taking random samples of a habitat and counting the number of different species.

Question 8

What’s species evenness and how Is it measured

Answer 8

Measure of the relative abundance of each species in an area. The more similar the so: of each species population the greater the species evenness. Measured by takinimg random samples of a habitat and counting the number of individuals in different species

Question 9

Tel me about Simpsons index of biodiversity

Answer 9

Takes into account both species richness and evenness. Gives a value between 0 and 1. Closer to 1 the more diverse the habitat

Question 10

What are current estimates of biodiversity and why do they vary

Answer 10

Estimates range from 5 million to 100 million species. Varies so much because scientists use different techniques to estimate it and also there are many undiscovered species

Question 11

What’s classification

Answer 11

The act of arranging organisms into groups based on their similarities and differences

Question 12

What’s phylogeny

Answer 12

Grouping organisms based on their evolutionary history

Question 13

What’s taxonomy

Answer 13

Grouping organisms based on their visible characteristics

Question 14

What’s the taxonomic hierarchy

Answer 14

Domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species

Question 15

Name the 5 kingdoms

Answer 15

Prokaryotae/Monera protoctista fungi plantae and animalia

Question 16

Describe prokaryotae/Monera

Answer 16

Prokaryotic, unicellular, no nucleus and less than 5um eg Bacteria

Question 17

Describe protoctista

Answer 17

Eukaryotic cells unicellular or simple multicellular organisms Ann d normally live in water rg algae

Question 18

Describe fungi

Answer 18

Eg mushrooms. Eukaryotic, multicellular, chitin cell wall, saprotrophic (absorb nutrients from dead or decaying organisms)

Question 19

Describe plantae

Answer 19

Eukaryotic multicellular cellulose cell walls can photosynthesise c,obtain chlorophyll and are autotrophic (produce own food)

Question 20

Describe animalia

Answer 20

Eukaryotic multicellular have no cell walls and are heterotrophic (consume plants and other animals)

Question 21

Describe the binomial naming system

Answer 21

Used to all organisms have one internationally accepted name in Latin that has two parts. Used to avoid confusion. The first is the genus name and is capitalised and the second is th specifies name and is lowercase, italics if printd and underlined if handwritten

Question 22

Describe the 5 domain system vs the three domain system

Answer 22

3 domain proposed because of new evidence mainly molecular. In this system organisms with cells with a nucleus are in eukarya, organisms without nuclei were placed into two domains, archaea and bacteria

Question 23

Define variation

Answer 23

The differences that exist between individuals

Question 24

Describe variation within species

Answer 24

Called intraspecific variation eg dogs have different colours and shapes

Question 25

Describe variation between species

Answer 25

Called inter specific variation eg ostrich and hummingbird are both birds but are very different

Question 26

Describe continuous variation

Answer 26

When individuals in a population vary within a range, no distinct categories eg humans can be any height or weight

Question 27

Describe discontinuous variation

Answer 27

Where there re two or more distinct categories with no intermediates eg blood type or gender

Question 28

Describe the three causes of variation

Answer 28

Genetics. Genes organism has is genotype. Differences in this result in differences in phenotype which means characteristics displayed by organism. Eg eye colour hair colour. Environment eg accents. Both is skin colour, height etc

Question 29

Describe behavioural adaptations

Answer 29

How an organism behaves that increases its chance of survival, eg possums play dead of threatened to escape attacks

Question 30

Describe physiological adaptations

Answer 30

Processes inside an organism that increase it’s chance of survival eg brown bears hibernate to conserve energy so don’t have to find food in winter when it’s scarce

Question 31

Describe anatomical adaptations

Answer 31

Structural features of an organism that increase it’s chance of survival eg otters streamlined do can move quickly in water to evade predators and catch prey

Question 32

What were darwins 4 observations

Answer 32

Organisms produce more offspring than can survive. There is variation within species. Some characteristics can be passed on down generations. Individuals that are best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive

Question 33

Describe darwins 4 theories

Answer 33

Predators disease and competition create a struggle for survival. Individuals with better charateristics are more likely to survive to breed and pass on their genes to next generation. Over time number of individuals with these advantageous adaptations increase. Over generations this leads to evolution as favourable adaptations become more common

Question 34

What is speciation

Answer 34

The formation of a ne species when populations of the same spices evolve to become so different that they can’t bred with one another to produce fertile offspring

Question 35

What are the evidence for evolution

Answer 35

Fossil records show gradual changes in organisms. DNA evidence shows which species are similar. Molecular evidence shows organisms which diverged recently have similar proteins and enzymes etc

Question 36

What are reasons for conservation of animals

Answer 36

Avoid disruption of food chains, tourism which benefits economy’s food, moral responsibility

Question 37

Describe how climate change affects biodiversity

Answer 37

Caused by emissions of greenhouse gases eg co2 by humans. Global biodiversity will hinge as climate change I’ll make some areas uninhabitable for species there and other areas habitable do range of a species may change. Can also become extinct if habitat changes too quickly or can’t migrate eg a plant unless it’s an ent but they’re pretty slow

Question 38

Describe how climate change affects agriculture

Answer 38

Can grow crops where previously couldn’t, damage due to extreme weather eg drought or floods

Question 39

Describe how climate change affects disease

Answer 39

Eg malaria can spread into other areas as now inhabitable for Mosquitos which are the vectors

Question 40

What’s conservation in situ

Answer 40

Means on site, protecting species in their natural habitat. Eg laws so can’t hunt, stabilising nature reserves, national parks, restoring damaged areas, less disruptive than removing organisms but can be hard to conte some threats eg predators or poaching

Question 41

Describe ex situ conservation

Answer 41

Off site. Rm oving part of the population fom a habitat and placing it in a new location. Eg captive breeding or zoos relocation to safer area. Can be used to protect individual animals in a controlled environment. Can reintroduce species that have left an area. Expensive and difficult and may not be successful so usually last resort

Question 42

Describe botanical gardens

Answer 42

Controlled environments used to grow plants for conservation research display and education. Ex situ. Can grow and reintroduce into suitable habitat

Question 43

Why is international cooperation important in conservation

Answer 43

Countries need to decide on conservation methods and implement them together

Question 44

Describe the rio convention on biodiversity

Answer 44

Aims to develop international strategies on th conservation of biodiversity. Convention made it part of international law that conserving biodiversity is an international responsibility. Also provides guidance to governments

Question 45

Describe the cites agreement

Answer 45

Convention on international trade in endangered species. Designed to increase international cooperation in regulating trade in wild animals and plant products. The member countries all made it illegal to kill endangered species. Agreement helps to conserve species by limiting trade and making trading of endangered animals illegal. Also designed to raise awareness through education

Question 46

Describe environmental impact assessments

Answer 46

Assessments of impact of a development project I’ll have on the nf iron,ent. Evaluation of how project may impact biodiversity. Identifying as biodiversity can be conserved. Identifying if any laws relating to animals on project site g if endangered. Deciding what needs to be done if the project proceeds eg relocating species or protection.