Classification and Assessment Flashcards
1
Q
What term is used in the ICD-11 to describe a period of psychotic symptoms lasting less than three months?
A
acute and transient psychotic disorder
NB: Brief psychotic disorder in DSM-5
2
Q
What is the DESS scale?
A
The DESS (Discontinuation-emergent signs and symptoms scale) is a 43-item rating scale which covers a broad spectrum of discontinuation symptoms.
3
Q
Which area of cognition is tested for by the following tests:
National Adult Reading Test (NART)
A
Pre-morbid inteligence
4
Q
Which area of cognition is tested for by the following tests:
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Raven’s progressive Matrices
A
General intelligence
5
Q
Which area of cognition is tested for by the following tests:
Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test
A
Visual memory/ visuospatial skills
6
Q
Which area of cognition is tested for by the following tests:
Boston naming test
Animal Figure Test
A
Language
7
Q
What are the 4 core components of language?
A
Semantics - meaning of things, including in context
Syntax - structure of sentences
Pragmatics - rules and conventions in social context
Phonology - looks at how sounds function within a particular language or across languages.
8
Q
Which area of cognition is tested for by the following tests:
Continuous Performance Tasks (CPT), Stroop Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Tower of London, Animal Fluency Test, Trail Making Test (Part B)
(Also Hayling and Brixton tests)
A
Selective attention/ executive function
Note:
The Hayling test is a “sentence completion” test
The Brixton Test is a rule detection and rule following task.
9
Q
Which area of cognition is tested for by the following test:
Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery
A
Brain damage
10
Q
10 first-rank symptoms of schizophrenia:
A
1) Running commentary
2) Thought echo
3) Voices heard arguing
4) Thought insertion
5) Thought withdrawal
6) Thought broadcast (thoughts are perceived as leaving the subject’s head/mind)
7) Delusional perception
8) Somatic passivity
9) Made affect (belief that feelings are controlled by an outside force)
10) Made volition (belief that impulses and/or behaviour are controlled by an outside force)
11
Q
What is a Thurstone scale?
A
The Thurstone scale, also known as equal-appearing interval scaling, involves a panel of judges who evaluate each statement to determine its level of favourability towards a concept.
12
Q
What is a Guttman scale?
A
A Guttman scale has a list of statements. It can be inferred that respondents who agree to the statement placed at the end of this list, would have agreed to all the other statements above the last one.
13
Q
What is a Visual Analogue scale?
A
A VAS typically consists of a straight line with endpoints defining extreme limits such as ‘no pain’ and ‘worst imaginable pain’.
Continuous measure of variable = highly precise
14
Q
Re: Schizophrenia, what were the 4 A’s described by Bleuler in 1908?
A
Loosening of Associations
Autism
Ambivalence
Affectivity
15
Q
Define the following:
Neologism
Paraphrasia
Asyndesis
Paragramatism
Metonym
A
Neologism refers to the formation of new words.
Paraphasia occurs when one word is substituted for another e.g. orange instead of banana.
Asyndesis refers to a loss of conceptual boundaries.
Paragramatism is the inability to form grammatically correct sentences.
A metonym is an established word that denotes one thing but refers to a related thing, e.g. the word China can be used as the place or to refer to the crockery.
16
Q
What delusion is described here?
1) a syndrome where a delusion is transmitted from one person to another (aka a shared delusion)
2) belief that one has special powers, beliefs, or purpose
A
1) Foile a deux
2) Grandiose
17
Q
What delusion is described here?
3) belief that something is physically wrong with the patient
4) belief that one has been infested with insects
A
3) Hypochondriacal
4) Ekbom’s syndrome
18
Q
What delusion is described here?
5) belief that a sexual partner is cheating on them
6) belief that a person close to them has been replaced by a double
A
5) Othello Syndrome
6) Capgras delusion
19
Q
What delusion is described here?
7) patient identifies a familiar person (usually suspected to be a persecutor) in other people they meet
8) belief that doubles of him/her exist
A
7) Fregoli delusion
8) syndrome of selective doubles
20
Q
What delusion is being described here?
9) belief that one has been transformed into an animal
10) false belief that a person is in love with them
A
9) Lycanthropy
10) De Clerambault’s Syndrome
21
Q
What delusion is being described here?
11) Belief that they are dead/ do not exist
12) belief that others/TV/radio are speaking directly to or about the patient
A
11) Cotards/ Nihilistic delusions
12) Referential delusions
22
Q
What delusion is being described here?
13) belief that a normal percept (product of perception) has a special meaning
14) a condition whereby a woman believes herself to be pregnant when she is not. Objective signs accompany the belief such as abdominal enlargement, menstrual disturbance, apparent foetal movements, nausea, breast changes, and labour pains
A
13) Delusional perception
14) Pseydocyesis
23
Q
Name 4 types of PROJECTIVE personality tests:
A
Rorschach Inkblot
Thematic Apperception Test
Draw a Person Test
Sentence Completion
24
Q
Name 4 types of OBJECTIVE personality tests:
A
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
- Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)
- NEO Personality Inventory (OCEAN)
- Esyenck personality test (EPQ)
25
5 German terms to be aware of:
1) Gedankenlautwerden
2) Gegenhalten
3) Schnauzkrampf
4) Vorbeigehen/ Vorbeireden
5) Wahnstimmung
1) thought echo
2) a phenomenon in which a patient opposes all passive movements with the same degree of force as applied by the examiner
3) a grimace resembling pouting sometimes observed in catatonic patients
4) Seen in Ganser syndrome. Patient's who exhibit this give approximate answers to questions (e.g. How many fingers does a man have, answer 14).
5) delusional mood
26
Who came up with the following terms?
1) Dementia praecox, manic depression, katatonie
2) schizophrenia
3) Hebephrenia
4) Catatonia
1) Kraepelin
2) Bleuler - differentiated between primary and secondary symptoms
3) Heckler
4) Kahlbaum
27
Who came up with the following terms?
5) Demence precoce (not to be confused with dementia precox = Kraeplin)
6) Schizoaffective
7) Neurasthenia
8) Unipolar and bipolar
5) Morel
6) Kasanin
7) Beard
8) Kleist
28
Who came up with the following terms?
9) Schizophreneform schizophrenia
10) demence - to mean loss of mind
11) apophenia - the human tendency to perceive meaningful patterns within random data. It's especially pertinent in schizophrenia where individuals may connect unrelated experiences or stimuli, perceiving them as being significantly related.
12) schizotypy
13) Type 1 and Type 2 schizophrenia
9) Langfelt
10) Pinel
11) Klaus Conrad
12) Rado / Meehl
13) Crow (Type 1 = excess D2 receptors, Type 2 = more neg symptoms, would respond less well to pharmacological treatment)
29
Who came up with the following terms?
14) psychiatry
15) Group dynamics
16) Group psychotherapy
17) Psychopathic inferiority
14) The term 'psychiatry' was coined by Johann Reil in 1808
15) Lewin
16) Moreno
17) Koch
30
Which British psychiatrist, associated with the antipsychiatry movement said:
Madness need not be all breakdown. It may also be break-through. It is potential liberation and renewal as well as enslavement and existential death. (The Politics of Experience/The Bird of Paradise).
rLaing - he believed there could be something liberating in what society labelled a 'schizophrenic breakdown'. Laing believed that mental illness could arise as a response to dysfunctional family or societal dynamics. He advocated for a more humane and compassionate approach to psychiatric treatment, stressing the need for therapeutic relationships, empathy, and the creation of supportive environments to aid individuals in their recovery.
31
Which psychiatrist associated with the antipsychiatry movement is this?
He believed that mental illness was a social construct rather than a biological disease. He argued that labelling certain behaviours as mental disorders was a way for society to exert control over individuals and suppress unconventional thinking. Advocated against involuntary psychiatric treatment
Thomas Szasz
32
Which psychiatrist associated with the antipsychiatry movement is this?
He examined the historical and social dimensions of power and knowledge, including how psychiatric institutions exerted control and discipline over individuals. He explored the relationship between psychiatry, society, and the normalization of behaviour, questioning the validity of psychiatric diagnoses and challenging the authority and oppressive aspects of institutional psychiatry.
Michel Foucault (French)
33
Which psychiatrist associated with the antipsychiatry movement is this?
He advocated for the closure of psychiatric hospitals and the development of community-based mental health services He implemented a model known as 'democratic psychiatry,' which involved treating mental health issues within the community, destigmatizing mental illness, and promoting social inclusion for those with psychiatric disorders
Franco Basaglia (1924-1980) - Italian
34
Who wrote:
The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life
Asylums
Stigma?
Erving Goffman
35
Who came up with the following terms?
9) Hypnosis
10) Group dynamics
11) Group psychotherapy
9) Braid
10) Lewin
11) Moreno
36
Who came up with the following terms?
12) Psychopathic inferiority
13) Psychiatry
14) Institutional Neurosis
12) Koch
13) Reil
14) Barton
37
Who contested the notion that a single factor could account for intelligence, instead proposing a model of intelligence comprising seven distinct primary mental abilities?
Thurstone - he proposed the 'Theory of Primary Mental Abilities' which comprises seven distinct dimensions: verbal comprehension, word fluency, number facility, spatial visualisation, associative memory, perceptual speed, and reasoning.
38
In rating scales for depression and anxiety, name 6 self-rated scales:
BDI (Beck depression inventory) - 21 Qs
GDS (geriatric depression scale) - 30 Q's
ZSRDS (Zung self rated depression scale) - 20 Q's (1-4)
HADS (Hospital Anxiety depression scale)
EPDS (Edinburgh postnatal major depression scale)
PHQ-9 (9-question Patient Health Questionnaire)
39
In rating scales for depression and anxiety, name 5 clinician-rated scales:
MADRS (Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale)
HAMD (Hamilton depression rating scale) - 17-21 Q's
BASDEC (Brief Assessment Schedule Depression Cards)
HAMA (Hamilton anxiety rating scale)
CSDD (Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia)
40
What type of scales are the BPRS (Brief psychiatric rating scale) and PANSS (Positive and negative syndrome scale)?
Clinician-rated scales for schizophrenia
41
What is the CAMDEX scale?
CAMDEX (Cambridge Mental Disorders of the Elderly Examination) - clinician-rated scale for dementia
42
What are the YMRS and the Y-BOCS rating scales?
Both clinician-rated
YMRS = Young Manis Rating Scle for bipolar
Y-BOCS = Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive scale
43
For rating scales related to medication, what are the LUNSERS and the DESS?
LUNSERS (The Liverpool University Neuroleptic Side Effect Rating Scale)
DESS (Discontinuation-Emergent Signs and Symptoms scale)
Both SELF-RATED
44
For rating scales related to medication, what are the AIMS and the SAS?
AIMS (Abnormal involuntary movement scale)
SAS (Simpson-Angus scale)
both CLINICIAN-RATED
45
In screening for personality disorder, what are 3 interview-method tests you can use?
SAPAS - Standardised assessment of personality abbreviated scale
IPDE (International Personality Disorder Examination Screen)
IPDS (Iowa Personality Disorder Screen)
46
In screening for personality disorder, what are 3 self-reported tests you can use?
FFMRF - Five factor model rating form
PDQ-R (Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-Revised)
IIP-PD (IIP Personality Disorder Scales)
47
What are the 7 areas tested in the 30-point MMSE?
Orientation to time
Orientation to Place
Registration
Attention and Concentration
Recall
Language
Visual Construction
48
What is "Incentive Salience"?
Incentive salience is a process through which the brain comes to desire certain things such as drugs. This process is mediated by mesolimbic dopamine systems. This is a separate process to that of liking something. As such desire and pleasure are separate processes with dopamine regulating the former and not the latter.
Grief has been hypothesized to be underpinned by a very similar process as drug addiction (Kakarala, 2020). This is referred to as the 'incentive salience theory of grief'
49
What are the 6 mixed-effective states described by Kraeplin?
1) Depressive/anxious mania
2) Excited depression
3) Depression with flight of ideas
4) manic stupor
5) mania with poverty of thought
6) inhibited mania
50
Emil Kraeplin coined the term paramnesia to describe disorders of memory where fantasy and reality are confused.
Define the following:
1) Deja-vu
2) Jamais-vu
3) Confabulation
4) Reduplicative paramnesia (3 forms)
5) Retrispective falsification
6) Cryptomnesia
1) The experience of feeling that one has witnessed or experienced a new situation before
2) The experience of being unfamiliar with a person or situation that is actually very familiar
3) The unconscious filling in of gaps in the memory by events which never took place
4) The delusion that a place has been duplicated. It comes in three forms (Politis, 2012):
1 - Place reduplication - the belief that two places with identical features exist simultaneously, but are geographically distant
2 - Chimeric assimilation - the belief that two places become combined, for example, a patient in hospital believes that they are in their own home which has somehow transformed into the hospital
3 - Extravagant spatial localisation - belief that their current location is actually somewhere else, usually a location familiar to them
5) the process of distorting a memory
6) This is characterised by having a thought without realising you have had the thought before (for example, some plagiarists claim they are unaware that they were recounting other peoples work)
51
What are the "7 sins of memory"?
The 7 ways memory can fail
1) transience - the decreasing accessability of memory over time
2) blocking e.g tip of the tongue syndrome
3) absent-mindedness - some failure in memory retrieval
4) suggestibility - incorporation of misinformation into memory
5) bias - retrospective distortions based on current knowledge/ beliefs
6) persistence - unwanted, intrusive memories e.g in PTSD
7) misattribution - e.g deja vu and cryptamnesia (e.g plagerism - not realising you've had the thought before and thinking it's new)
52
What is the format of the PANNS (Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale) for assessing the symptom severity in schizophrenia?
7 x positive symptoms
7 x negative symptoms
16 x general psychopathology symptoms
Each item is scored out of 7
Requires a trained interviewer
53
What are the 7 positive symptoms on the PANSS?
What are the 7 negative symptoms?
Pos:
Conceptual disorganisation
Delusions
Grandiosity
Hostility
Hallucinations
Hyperactivity
Suspiciousness/ persecution
CDGHHHS
Neg:
Blunted affect
Difficulty with abstract thinking
Emotional withdrawal
Poor rapport
Passive/ apathetic social withdrawal
Lack of spontanaity and flow in conversation
Stereotyped thinking
54
What are the 4 types of non-declarative/ implicit memory?
1) Procedural - involves basal gangliaq and cerebellum
2) Associative - involves amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex
3) Non-associative
4) Priming
55
What are the parts of the Baddeley's multi-storehouse model of (working) memory?
1) CENTRAL EXECUTIVE
- the other 3 can feed in and out of this
- capacity to focus, divide and switch attention
- Frontal lobes involved
2) Visuospatial sketchpad
- allows us to manipulate images in our mind
- stores and processes information in visual or spatial form including location and speed of objects moving
3) Phonological buffer/ loop
- holds auditory/ verbal info
- phonological store is related to speech perception
- articulatory rehearsal system is linked to speech production
- holds info for 1-2 seconds in speech based form
4) episodic buffer
temporary storage system which integrates info from different sources of working memory above, plus long-term knowledge into a coherent whole
56
Who came up with the "sick role"?
Talcott Parsons
Based on Mechanic and Volkart's phrase "illness behaviour"
57
What are the 4 conceptual rules of the sick role?
1) Sick person is exempt from normal societal roles for the duration of illness
2) not responsible for their illness
3) has a duty to try to get well
4) they must seek help and cooperate with their caregiver
58
Name two people involved in the discussion of Social Capital
Putnam 1996
McKenzie 2002
59
Which frontal lobe function are assessed by the following tests?
Verbal and categorical fluency
Initiation
60
Which frontal lobe function are assessed by the following tests?
Proverbs
Similes
cognitive estimates
Abstraction
61
Which frontal lobe function are assessed by the following tests?
Tower of London
Cambridge stockings
gambling tasks
Problem solving and decision making
62
Which frontal lobe function are assessed by the following tests?
Alternating sequences
Go-no-go test
Luria motor test
trail making test
Wisconsin card sorting test
Stroop test
Response inhibition and set shifting
63
What are the 2 types of somatoform disorders described in the ICD-11?
Bodily distress disorder
Body integrity Dysphoria
64
What is "la belle indifference"?
= beautiful ignorance
Associated with CONVERSION DISORDER
65
Describe the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, developed by Overall and Gorham in 1960s
Originally 16 items, expanded to 18, now new 24 item version
Each item scored out of 7 and some ratings are based on interview, others on observation
Clinician-administered
Versions now for children and older adults
66
What is the AUDIT tool?
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test
Designed by WHO for screening excessive drinking
10 item questionnaire
Score: 0-40
20+ = likely alcohol dependence
AUDIT-c is a shorted version consisting of 3 questions
67
Name 6 alcohol screening tools:
AUDIT (WHO) - 10 Q's
FAST - 4 Q's
CAGE - 4 Q's
SASQ - Single question (when 8+ men or 6+ drinks women) in one day. If within 3 months = possible hazardous drinking
PAT - Paddington Alcohol Test
MAST
RAPS4
68
In catatonia, what is the meaning of the following:
1) Waxy flexibility (cerea flexibilitas)
2) Automatic obedience
3) Mitmachen
4) Mitgehen
5) Gegenhalten (Negativism)
1) patient can be positioned in an unnatural position and maintain this for some time (look like a waxwork)
2) exaggerated co-operation, automatically obeying the examiner's instructions
3) a form of automatic obedience - body can be placed into any position even if asked to resist but UNLIKE waxy flexibility, it returns to its usual position
4) an extreme form of mitmachen - requires much less force (e.g anglepoise lamp sign)
5) patient resists attempts by examiner to move their body. Resistance offered is the same as the force applied
69
In catatonia, what is the meaning of the following:
6) posturing
7) stupor
8) ambitendency
9) mannerisms
10) stereotypies
11) obstruction
6) maintaining specific posture e.g crucifix for long time
7) combo of mutism and immobility
8) patient alternates between complying and resisting examiner's instructions
9) GOAL-DIRECTED repetitive movements e.g combing hair without brush, saluting door
10) NON-GOAL DIRECTED repetitive movements e.g rocking
11) motor counterpart to thought blocking
70
What is the meaning of the following:
1) Echolalia
2) Echopraxia
3) Logorrhoea
4) Logoclonia
5) Verbigeration
1) involuntary repetition of language and sounds
2) involuntary imitation or repetition of someone's ACTIONS
3) incoherent talkativeness
4) meaningless repetition of a syllable like at the end of a word
5) meaningless repetition of words and phases
71
Who came up with the social readjustment rating scale, which lists events called Life Change Units?
Holmes and Rahe
72
What are the 4 models for doctor-patient relationships?
1) Paternalistic AKA autocratic
2) Informative - pt makes choice based on info given by doctor
3) interpretive - doctor takes patient's individual circumstances into account, and uses shared decision making to help them make a decision
4) deliberative - doctor acts as a "friend" to the patient and tries to steer them in a specific direction but ultimately lets the patient make the choice
73
What are the 3 main theoretical perspectives on aggression?
1) psychodynamic (Freud)
- death instinct (thanatos) and life instinct (eros)
- catharsis - becoming calm = basis of hydraulic model of the mind
2) sociological/ drive (Lorenz)
- studied birds
- aggressive instinct is becessary for survival
3) cognitive/ learning (Berkowitz, Rotter, Bandura, Anderson)
74
What culture-bound illnesses are being described here?
1) Philipines/ Malaysia - men have a trauma, and then get very angry and go on a killing frenzy. Amnesia. Only stopped when caught and restrained.
2) Latinos - during stress, intense emotional upset leading to aggression, shouting, seizure-like activity or dissociation
3) African diaspora - concentration difficulties, poor retention, strange sensory disturbances like heat sensations; happens during studying/ working hard
1) Amok
2) Ataque de nervios ('attack of nerves')
3) brain fag
75
What culture-bound illnesses are being described here?
4) South Asia - young males who attribute symptoms to semen loss
5) Cambodians - panic attacks with autonomic arousal, centred on concern that khyal (wind-like substance) may be within them
6) SE Asia, China - males believe the penis is withdrawing into the abdomen
4) Dhat
5) Khyal cap (wind attacks)
6) Koro
76
What culture-bound illnesses are being described here?
7) Zimbabwe - "thinking too much causes anxiety"
8) Malaysia - women, hypersensitivity to sudden fright/ startle. Display strange responses like exchopraxia, echolalia, dissociative behaviours
9) Haiti - A cultural explanation for diverse medical and psychiatric disorders. Illnesses are believed to have been sent from others who are envious or seek to cause malice
10) Greek - eeling of loss of control, of having one's nerves 'burst out' or 'break out', or 'boil over'. An attack is often accompanied by shouting and screaming and throwing things. Headaches, dizziness etc associated
7) Kufungisisa
8) Latah
9) Maladi Moun ("sent sickness"/ human-caused sickness)
10) Nevra
77
Where would you find the following culture-bound illnesses and give a short description:
11) Piblokto
12) Shenjing shuairuo ('weakness of the nervous system'
13) Susto ("fright")
14) Taijin kyofusho ('interpersonal fear disorder')
15) Wendigo
11) Arctic, Inuit - women, abrupt episodes of extreme excitement, often followed by apparent seizures and transient coma
12) Mandarin Chinese - Integrates conceptual categories of traditional Chinese medicine with the Western diagnosis of neurasthenia. Assoc with work/ family stress, sense of failure
13) Latinos - An illness attributed to a frightening event that causes the soul to leave the body and results in unhappiness and sickness.
Symptoms may appear any time from days to years after the fright is experienced.
14) Japanese - characterized by anxiety about and avoidance of interpersonal situations due to the thought, feeling, or conviction that one's appearance and actions in social interactions are inadequate or offensive to others
15) North America, Native Americans - Long, harsh winters - scarsity of food leads to distaste of it and ++ anxiety. The sufferer then construes the repugnance for food as evidence that he or she is turning into a wendigo, which is a cannibalistic ice spirit of giant size
78
What are the levels of traits, described by Gordon Allport?
1) Cardinal - so pervasive that most of the persons behaviour and activities can be traced to this particular trait.
2) Central - easily detected characteristics within a person, traits that all people have a certain number of, five to ten on average
3) Secondary - Less evident and only manifest in select circumstances
79
When describing delusional beliefs, what are three ways of describing a deusional belief's relationship with reality?
1) Polarised - the delusion and fact are mingled together
2) Juxtaposed - the delusion and fact exist together but sit side by side and do not interact
3) Autistic - actual reality is not taken into account and the patient lives in a delusional world
80
What are the
Id
Ego
Super-ego
described by Freud in his STRUCTURAL model?
The Id is the area that contains the instinctive drives. It operates under 'primary process thinking', acts according to the 'pleasure principle', and is without a sense of time.
The ego attempts to modify the drives from the Id with external reality. It operates on the 'reality principle'. It has aspects that are conscious, pre-conscious, and unconscious. It is home to the defenses mechanisms.
The super ego constantly observes a person and acts as critical agency. Freud claimed it developed from internalised values of a child's main carers. The 'ego ideal' is part of the super ego and represents ideal attitudes and behaviour. It is useful to think of the super ego as the conscience.
81
What are the
1) Conscious system
2) Pre-conscious system
3) Unconscious system
described by Freud in his TOPOGRAPHICAL MODEL in the book The Interpretation of dreams?
The conscious system: This refers to the part of the mind that is aware.
The preconscious system: This is the information that is known and can potentially be brought into consciousness.
The unconscious system: Freud believed that this area of the mind was outside conscious awareness. It operates on the primary process thinking, which means it is aimed at wish fulfilment. It is governed by the pleasure principle. It has no concept of time, and denies the existence of negatives, and is irrational as it allow the existence of contradictions.
82
What type of amnesia is this?
a memory disorder characterized by sudden retrograde episodic memory loss, said to occur for a period of time ranging from hours to years.
Can be global (fugue states) or situation specific
Psychogenic aka dissociative amnesia
83
What type of amnesia is this?
primarily expresses itself in the form of problems with language use and acquisition.
Semantic amnesia
84
What type of amnesia is this?
transient loss of memory. It typically affects those over 50 and spontaneously resolves within 24 hours. No clear cause has been identified but it has been proposed to be a variant of migraine, a form of epilepsy, and a presentation of a TIA (transient ischemic attack)
Transient global amnesia
85
What code was the first international document which advocated voluntary participation and informed consent in medical experimentation?
Nuremberg code
86
The DSM divides 10 personality disorders into 3 categories:
Cluster A (3) "mad"
Cluster B (4) "bad"
Cluster C (3) "sad"
Name the disorders in each category:
A:
Paranooid
Schizoid
Schizotypal
B)
Narcissistic
Borderline
Histrionic
Antisocial
C)
Obsessive Compulsive
Dependent
Avoidant
87
What are the 5 traits laid out in the ICD-11 which can describe personality disorders?
Negative affectivity
Detachment
Dissociality
Disinhibition
Anankastia
(Also, mild, moderate or severe)
88
What are:
Felt Stigma
Enacted Stigma
Courtesy Stigma?
Felt stigma (internal stigma or self-stigmatisation) refers to the shame and expectation of discrimination that prevents people from talking about their experiences and stops them seeking help
Enacted stigma (external stigma, discrimination) refers to the experience of unfair treatment by others
The stigma that attaches to those who are merely associated with a stigmatized person
89
What was the Tarasoff case?
two therapists failed to warn a lady that their patient expressed an intention to kill her. They chose not to do so as they wished to respect the patient's confidentiality and failed to see that they had a duty of care to the lady as well as the patient. The lady was eventually murdered by this patient.
Centred on "Duty to Warn"
90
Who publicised the term autism, suggested this could be a form of childhood schizophrenia, and referred to the "refrigerator mother"?
Leo Kanner
91
When was Autism first included in the ICD/ DSM?
ICD-9 1965
DSM-III 1980
Note: ICD-11 now uses Autism Spectrum Disorder
92
What is Therapeutic privilege?
Therapeutic privilege (TP) is a defence that may be available to doctors who fail to disclose to the patient relevant information when seeking informed consent for treatment if they have a reasonable belief that providing that information would likely cause the patient concerned serious physical or mental harm
93
What is the diathesis-stress model?
The diathesis-stress model recognises that both experience (nurture) and genetics (nature) contribute to a persons behaviour.
It suggests that certain people have a predisposition (diathesis) towards a certain illness and that types of environmental stress can trigger illness in such vulnerable people.
94
What is the Pygmalion effect?
When higher expectations from an authority figure, such as a teacher, can lead to an improvement in the performance of those they guide, primarily due to the authority's belief in the individual's potential.
95
What is the Barnum effect?
involves the tendency of people to accept vague and generic personality descriptions as uniquely applicable to themselves, often seen in settings involving personality assessments and horoscopes. This effect leverages the generality of the information, which could apply to a wide range of individuals, making it seem personally relevant.
96
The Office of Population Censuses and Surveys uses a classification system of 5 levels. Who is represented by each level?
Social class I - Professional
Social class II - Intermediate
Social class III - Skilled, manual, or clerical
Social class IV - Semi-skilled
Social class V - Unskilled
97
Who is associated with the following terms?
1) Womb envy
2) Total institution
3) Foundation matrix
4) Institutional neuroses
Karen Horney - Womb envy
Erving Goffman - Total institution
Siegfried Foulkes - Foundation matrix
Barton - Institutional Neurosis
98
What types of delusions are being described here?
1) Highly organised, logical delusions
2) the delusion and fact are mingled together
3) the delusion and fact exist together but sit side by side and do not interact
4) actual reality is not taken into account and the patient lives in a delusional world
1) systematised.
One can also describe the delusional beliefs' relationship with reality in the following ways:
2) Polarised
3) Juxtaposed
4) Autistic actual reality is not taken into account and the patient lives in a delusional world
99
Who proposed the theory of attribution?
A theory of attribution was first proposed by Fritz Heider (1958).
100
What type of attribution bias is being described here?
1) when we make attributions about another person's actions, we are likely to over emphasize the role of dispositional factors, rather than situational causes.
2) in addition to over-valuing dispositional explanations of others' behaviours, we tend to under-value dispositional explanations and over-value situational explanations of our own behaviour.
3) the tendency to draw inferences about a person's unique and enduring dispositions from behaviours that can be entirely explained by the situations in which they occur
1) Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) (focus is on other people's behaviour)
2) Actor-observer Bias (how behaviour is viewed differently between actor and observer)
Note: The fundamental attribution error is strictly about attributions for others' behaviours. The actor-observer bias is about the relative difference in attributions about one's own versus others' behaviours.
3) Correspondence bias (focus is on other people's behaviour)
Note: Sometimes the terms fundamental attribution error (FAE) and correspondence bias are used interchangeably. However, there is a difference between the two. The FAE is the tendency for people to attribute other's behavior to internal causes rather than external causes. When we see someone behaving in a certain way we think it is because of something inside of them rather than the situation they are in.
The correspondence bias goes one step further. We don't just attribute the behaviour to something internal, we attribute it to the person's personality or other enduring characteristics. The difference is that we think this is always how the other person is..
101
What type of attribution bias is being described here?
4) people's tendency to attribute their successes to internal factors but attribute their failures to external
5) an interpretive bias wherein individuals exhibit a tendency to interpret other's ambiguous behaviour as hostile, rather than benign.
6) refers to the tendency for people to project their way of thinking onto other people. In other words, they assume that everyone else thinks the same way they do.
4) self-serving bias
5) Hostile Attribution Bias (focus is on other people's behaviour)
6) False consensus effect
102
What is the structure of the Hopsital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale?
consists of 14 questions, 7 for anxiety and 7 for depression
each item is scored from 0-3
produces a score out of 21 for both anxiety and depression
severity: 0-7 normal, 8-10 borderline, 11+ case
103
What is the SF-36?
The SF-36 (Short-form 36) is a 36-item, patient-reported survey that measures patient-rated functioning and well-being.
The SF-36 is comprised of the following eight scales (four pertain to physical health, and four to mental health):
physical functioning
role limitations due to physical health problems
bodily pain
general health
vitality (energy/fatigue)
social functioning
role limitations due to emotional problems
mental health (psychological distress and psychological well being).
The measure can be completed by the patient on their own and takes approximately eight minutes to do.
104
The following indeces are scored on which test?
Processing Speed
Perceptual Reasoning
Verbal comprehension
Working memory
(PPVW)
WAIS-IV
Processing Speed - symbol search, coding, cancellation
Perceptual Reasoning - block design, matrix reasoning, visual puzzles, picture completion, figure weights
Verbal comprehension - similarities, vocabulary, conformation, comprehension
Working memory - digit span, arithmetic, letter-number sequencing
105
What is the term used for Munchausen's syndrome in the ICD-11?
Facticious disorder
106
What is another term for dissociative disorders?
Conversion disorder
107
What is the name given to a person's identification with a particular group based on common heritage but also language, culture, religion or ideology?
Ethnicity
108
Who wrote the first book on medical wthics?
Ishaq bin Ali Rahawl (Adab al-Tabib - Conduct of a Physician)
109
A question involvig extraoccular muscle weakness, diplopia, proximal muscle weakness, ptosis and dysphagia refers to what ilness?
Myesthenia Gravis
110
What are 5 tests for MG?
1) Single fibre electromyography (92-100% sensitivity)
2) CT thorax (thymoma)
3) Normal CK
4) Autoantibodies (present in 85-90%) to acetylcholine receptors, anti-muscle specific tyrosine kinase (40%)
5) Tensilon test
111
Which vitamin deficiency is described here:
1) night blindness (nyctalopia)
2) rickets, osteomalacia
3) haemolytic anaema, ataxia
4) coagulation disorder
All FAT-SOLUBLE vitamins
1) Vitamin A
2) Vitamin D
3) Vitamin E
4) Vitamin K
112
Which vitamin deficiency is described here:
seborrheic dermatitis, atrophic glossitis, angular chelitis, confusion, sleepiness, polyneuropathy, associated wit Isoniazid
Vitamin B6 deficiency - usially happens in people with alcohol dependence
113
Which vitamin deficiency is described here:
signs of heart failure
What other conditions could be described?
B1 (thiamine) deficiency - Wet Beriberi presents like heart failure
Can also get Dry beriberi (when the CNS is invovedi = mpaired reflexes and symmetrical motor and sensory deficits in the extremities. Loss of myelin is seen without any acute inflammation) and Wernicke's
114
Which vitamin deficiency is described here:
triad of dementia, diarrhoea and dermatitis
Vitamin B3 (Niacin) deficiency = pellagra
115
Which vitamin deficiency is described here:
Glossits, stomatitis
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency
116
Which vitamin deficiency is described here:
Dermatitis, alopecia, parasthesia
Vitamin B7 (biotin) deficiency
117
Which vitamin deficiency is described here:
Gingivitis, increased infection, fatigue, aching joints
Vitamin C deficiency = Scurvy
118
Which test is described here:
To assess abstract thinking - patient requird to sort objects by colour or material, copy block patterns with coloured cubes. To diagnose neurological problems.
Goldstein Scheerer Object Sort Test
119
Which test is described here:
Examiner demonstrates a 3-stage hand sequence and asks the paient to copy it
Luria motor test
120
What is the definition of the following:
Pelopsia
Teleopsia
Dysmegalopsia
Metamorphosia
Pelopsia - objects appear nearer than they are
Teleopsia - objects appear farther away than they are
Dysmegalopsia - objects appear larger on one side than the other
Metamorphosia - objects appear irregular in shape
121
Which type of illusion is described here:
1) tendency to fill in missing information to make sense of a stimulus
2) arrise due to specific mood states
3) when dtailed images ar seen from shapes e.g seeing Jesus on a piece of toast
1) completion - tend to happen during inattention
2) affect
3) paraideolic - tend to happen hen concentrating
122
What is the name given to the pupil of an older person that is associated with reduced reaction to both light and accommodation?
Senile pupil (senile miosis)
123
What is the difference between covert sensitisation and avoidance conditioning?
Covert - relies on imagery rather than an actual occurrence
124
What is the structure of Beck's Depression inventory?
21 q's
Max score 63 (0-3/ question)
Assesses severity of depression
Self rated
Covers last 2 weeks
125
What is the term eudaimonia associated with?
Virtue ethics
The Greek term eudaimonia has no one-word translation in English. Hursthouse describes it as a combination of well-being, happiness and flourishing
126
What is Sydeham's chorea?
<18 yrs
rapid, uncoordinated jerky movements of face, feet, hands
Group A beta-haemolytic strep (6 months after infection)
resoves after a few months
127
What is paraschemazia?
Feeling of body parts being twisted or distorted
Can happen in migraine, epileptic aura, hallucinogens
128
When would you see Sick Euthyroid Syndrome?
Anorexia patients after starvation - abnormal TFTs (low T3) in setting of non-thyroidal illness
129
What is the difference between a functional and a refex hallucination?
Functional - same sensory modality
Reflex = different sensory modality
130
The 6 subsets below are seen in which test?
1) conceptualisation
2) mental flexibility
3) motor programming
4) conflicting instructions
5) go-no-go
6) prehension behaviour
FAB - Frontal Assessment Battery
131
Chorea vs athetosis:
Note: chorea and athetosis are often confused. In chorea the movements are jerky whereas in athetosis there is a continuous flow of movement.
Athetosis is 'worm like' = continuous stream
Chorea is 'dance like' = more discrete movements than athetosis
132
What term is described here:
1) Involuntary expression of socially unacceptable gestures
2) Involuntary expression of socially unacceptable words
3) Eating faeces
4) Copying others words
5) Repeating one's own sounds
6) Copying others actions
Involuntary expression of socially unacceptable gestures = copropraxia
Involuntary expression of socially unacceptable words = coprolalia
Eating faeces = coprophagia
Copying others words = echolalia
Repeating one's own sounds = palilalia
Copying others actions = echopraxia
133
What is the HCR-20 test?
The HCR-20 is a risk assessment tool used for adults, which considers past, present, and future factors, and is used to assess the risk of future violence.
Historical
Clinical
Risk-Management
134
What is the Simoson-Angus scale used for?
Drug induced parkinsonism
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