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Biology IGCSE > Classification > Flashcards

Classification Flashcards

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1
Q

Classification order:

A

King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti

Kingdom > phylum > class > order > family > genus > species

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2
Q

Animal kingdom characteristics:

A
  • multicellular
  • ingestive
  • heterotrophic
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3
Q

Plant kingdom characteristics:

A
  • multicellular
  • photosynthetic
  • autotrophic
  • has cell wall made of cellulose
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4
Q

Fungi kingdom characteristics:

A
  • can be unicellular or multicellular
  • heterotrophic/saprotrophic/parasitic
  • cell walls made of chitin
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5
Q

Monera kingdom characteristics:

A
  • unicellular

- no nucleus

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6
Q

Protist kingdom characteristics:

A
  • unicellular

- has nucleus

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7
Q

Vertebrate classes:

A
  • bony fish
  • birds
  • reptiles
  • amphibians
  • mammals
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8
Q

Bony fish class characteristics:

A
  • wet scales
  • soft eggs
  • gills
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9
Q

Amphibian class characteristics:

A
  • smooth+moist skin
  • soft eggs
  • gills/lungs
  • can live on both land+water
  • has 4 limbs
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10
Q

Bird class characteristics:

A
  • feathers on body, scales on legs
  • 2 legs and 2 wings
  • lungs
  • hard eggs
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11
Q

Reptile class characteristics:

A
  • scaly skin
  • lungs
  • hard eggs
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12
Q

Mammal class characteristics:

A
  • fur/hair on skin
  • 4 limbs
  • lungs
  • gives birth
  • mammary glands secreting milk
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13
Q

Invertebrate classes:

A
  • molluscs
  • annelids
  • nematodes
  • arthropods
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14
Q

Mollusc class characteristics:

A
  • soft
  • unsegmented ー body is continuous
  • one muscular foot
  • mainly herbivorous
  • shelled
  • eyes normally on stalks
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15
Q

Annelid class characteristics:

A
  • elongated cylindrical bodies
  • segmented
  • chaetae (bristles) on body
  • mainly herbivorous
  • hard, slightly waterproof
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16
Q

Nematode class characteristics:

A
  • soft, not waterproof
  • unsegmented
  • wriggles, but lives in 1 place
  • mainly parasitic
  • circular cross-section
  • body tapers at the ends
17
Q

Arthropod class characteristics:

A
  • invertebrates with segmented bodies
  • exoskeleton made of chitin
  • pairs of jointed legs
18
Q

Arthropod orders:

A

CAMI

Crustacean, arachnid, myriapod, insect

19
Q

Crustacean order characteristics:

A
  • 1 pair of stalked compound eyes
  • 4+ pairs of jointed legs
  • 1 pair of antennae sensitive to touch and chemicals
  • body divided into thorax and abdomen
20
Q

Arachnid order characteristics:

A
  • chelicerae/pedipalps to hold or paralyse prey
  • 4 pairs of jointed legs growing out of cephalothorax
  • several pairs of simple eyes
  • body divided into cephalothorax and abdomen
21
Q

Myriapod order characteristics:

A
  • segmented body
  • 70+ pairs of legs, with 1 or 2 on each segment
  • head, thorax, and (segmented) abdomen all fused in body
22
Q

Insect order characteristics:

A
  • 3 pairs of legs growing out of thorax
  • 1 pair of antennae on head
  • 1 or 2 pairs of wings
  • compound/simple eyes
  • body divided into head, thorax, and abdomen
23
Q

Characteristics of living organisms:

A

MRS GREN

Movement Respiration Sensitivity Growth Reproduction Excretion Nutrition

24
Q

Differences between viruses and bacteria (5 points)

A
  • virus has protein coat, while bacteria has cell wall
  • virus doesn’t have a cell membrane but bacteria does
  • virus doesn’t contain cytoplasm but bacteria does
  • virus contains a few DNA/RNA genes but bacteria contains DNA enough for hundreds of genes
  • virus is non-living unless in host while bacteria is living
25
Q

Fungi characteristics:

A
  • multicellular (except yeast)
  • main body is mycelium, made up of hyphae
  • hyphae are one cell thick, with multiple nuclei, and crosses for rigidity
  • produces “fruits” if mycelium is underground (e.g. mushrooms)
  • fungi spread through spores
  • prefers moist+warm+nutrient-rich environments, & dark (less evaporation, so more moist)
26
Q

Monocotyledon characteristics:

A
  • one cotyledon
  • parallel veins
  • fibrous root
  • 3 petals
27
Q

Dicotyledon characteristics:

A
  • 2 cotyledons
  • netlike veins
  • taproot
  • 4-5 petals
28
Q

Define nutrition:

A

Absorbing and assimilating raw materials for growth and tissue repair

29
Q

Define excretion:

A

Removal of toxic materials, waste products, and excess substances from organisms

30
Q

Define respiration:

A

Chemical reactions breaking down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy

31
Q

Define sensitivity:

A

The ability to detect changes in the environment (stimuli) and make responses

32
Q

What is a dichotomous key?

A

Classification system through visible features of organisms

33
Q

Define Baltimore classification

A

A classification system developed by David Baltimore. It’s used to classify viruses based on their genome (DNA, RNA, single stranded, double stranded…) as well as reproduction method.

34
Q

Define cladistics

A

A classification system in which relationships between organisms are hypothesised; it was developed based on the idea that members of a group share a common evolutionary history and are closely related. They share unique features not present in their ancestors. It is generally considered the best method for phylogenetic analysis.

35
Q

Basic cladistics assumptions:

A
  1. The organisms in any group are descended from a common ancestor
  2. There is a bifurcation pattern of cladogenesis
  3. Changes in characteristics tend to occur over time
36
Q

Define cladogenesis

A

The formation of a new group of organisms through evolutionary variation/divergence

37
Q

Define plesiomorphic

A

A “primitive” ancestral trait that was passed down.

38
Q

Define apomorphic

A

A specialised evolutionary trait unique to a particular species or group.

39
Q

Define phylogenesis

A

The evolutionary history of a particular species/group, or of a particular organism’s feature

Biology IGCSE (11 decks)

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