Classification Flashcards
Classification order:
King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti
Kingdom > phylum > class > order > family > genus > species
Animal kingdom characteristics:
- multicellular
- ingestive
- heterotrophic
Plant kingdom characteristics:
- multicellular
- photosynthetic
- autotrophic
- has cell wall made of cellulose
Fungi kingdom characteristics:
- can be unicellular or multicellular
- heterotrophic/saprotrophic/parasitic
- cell walls made of chitin
Monera kingdom characteristics:
- unicellular
- no nucleus
Protist kingdom characteristics:
- unicellular
- has nucleus
Vertebrate classes:
- bony fish
- birds
- reptiles
- amphibians
- mammals
Bony fish class characteristics:
- wet scales
- soft eggs
- gills
Amphibian class characteristics:
- smooth+moist skin
- soft eggs
- gills/lungs
- can live on both land+water
- has 4 limbs
Bird class characteristics:
- feathers on body, scales on legs
- 2 legs and 2 wings
- lungs
- hard eggs
Reptile class characteristics:
- scaly skin
- lungs
- hard eggs
Mammal class characteristics:
- fur/hair on skin
- 4 limbs
- lungs
- gives birth
- mammary glands secreting milk
Invertebrate classes:
- molluscs
- annelids
- nematodes
- arthropods
Mollusc class characteristics:
- soft
- unsegmented ー body is continuous
- one muscular foot
- mainly herbivorous
- shelled
- eyes normally on stalks
Annelid class characteristics:
- elongated cylindrical bodies
- segmented
- chaetae (bristles) on body
- mainly herbivorous
- hard, slightly waterproof
Nematode class characteristics:
- soft, not waterproof
- unsegmented
- wriggles, but lives in 1 place
- mainly parasitic
- circular cross-section
- body tapers at the ends
Arthropod class characteristics:
- invertebrates with segmented bodies
- exoskeleton made of chitin
- pairs of jointed legs
Arthropod orders:
CAMI
Crustacean, arachnid, myriapod, insect
Crustacean order characteristics:
- 1 pair of stalked compound eyes
- 4+ pairs of jointed legs
- 1 pair of antennae sensitive to touch and chemicals
- body divided into thorax and abdomen
Arachnid order characteristics:
- chelicerae/pedipalps to hold or paralyse prey
- 4 pairs of jointed legs growing out of cephalothorax
- several pairs of simple eyes
- body divided into cephalothorax and abdomen
Myriapod order characteristics:
- segmented body
- 70+ pairs of legs, with 1 or 2 on each segment
- head, thorax, and (segmented) abdomen all fused in body
Insect order characteristics:
- 3 pairs of legs growing out of thorax
- 1 pair of antennae on head
- 1 or 2 pairs of wings
- compound/simple eyes
- body divided into head, thorax, and abdomen
Characteristics of living organisms:
MRS GREN
Movement Respiration Sensitivity Growth Reproduction Excretion Nutrition
Differences between viruses and bacteria (5 points)
- virus has protein coat, while bacteria has cell wall
- virus doesn’t have a cell membrane but bacteria does
- virus doesn’t contain cytoplasm but bacteria does
- virus contains a few DNA/RNA genes but bacteria contains DNA enough for hundreds of genes
- virus is non-living unless in host while bacteria is living
Fungi characteristics:
- multicellular (except yeast)
- main body is mycelium, made up of hyphae
- hyphae are one cell thick, with multiple nuclei, and crosses for rigidity
- produces “fruits” if mycelium is underground (e.g. mushrooms)
- fungi spread through spores
- prefers moist+warm+nutrient-rich environments, & dark (less evaporation, so more moist)
Monocotyledon characteristics:
- one cotyledon
- parallel veins
- fibrous root
- 3 petals
Dicotyledon characteristics:
- 2 cotyledons
- netlike veins
- taproot
- 4-5 petals
Define nutrition:
Absorbing and assimilating raw materials for growth and tissue repair
Define excretion:
Removal of toxic materials, waste products, and excess substances from organisms
Define respiration:
Chemical reactions breaking down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy
Define sensitivity:
The ability to detect changes in the environment (stimuli) and make responses
What is a dichotomous key?
Classification system through visible features of organisms
Define Baltimore classification
A classification system developed by David Baltimore. It’s used to classify viruses based on their genome (DNA, RNA, single stranded, double stranded…) as well as reproduction method.
Define cladistics
A classification system in which relationships between organisms are hypothesised; it was developed based on the idea that members of a group share a common evolutionary history and are closely related. They share unique features not present in their ancestors. It is generally considered the best method for phylogenetic analysis.
Basic cladistics assumptions:
- The organisms in any group are descended from a common ancestor
- There is a bifurcation pattern of cladogenesis
- Changes in characteristics tend to occur over time
Define cladogenesis
The formation of a new group of organisms through evolutionary variation/divergence
Define plesiomorphic
A “primitive” ancestral trait that was passed down.
Define apomorphic
A specialised evolutionary trait unique to a particular species or group.
Define phylogenesis
The evolutionary history of a particular species/group, or of a particular organism’s feature
