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Topic 3: Classification and Biodiversity > Classification > Flashcards

Classification Flashcards

1
Q

species - define

A

a group of living organisms with similar characteristics that interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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2
Q

what is the effect of using an effective classification system ?

A

it is easier to organize our ideas about organisms and make generalizations

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3
Q

taxonomy - define

A

the science of classification of living things

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4
Q

what names do the binomial system use ?

A

Latin or Greek names

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5
Q

what is the first name in the generic name ?

A

genus - like a surname

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6
Q

what is the second name in the specific name ?

A

species - like a first name

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7
Q

how are the names in the binomial system presented ?

A

italics
first word in capital letter
second word is lowercase

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8
Q

what would homo sapiens become ?

A

H. sapiens

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9
Q

what are the principles of classification ?

A
  • biological classification groups living organisms according to how closely related they are
  • first attempted by Carl Linnaeus in 1735
  • he proposed a hierarchal system to classify different species
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10
Q

what are the groups in the scheme of classification ?

A

species
phylum
class
order
family
genu
species

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11
Q

what is a kingdom ?

A

the largest most inclusive grouping e.g. plants, animals etc.

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12
Q

what is a phylum ?

A

organisms constructed on a similar plan

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13
Q

what is a class ?

A

a grouping of orders within a phylum

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14
Q

what is an order ?

A

the groups in an order have more in common with each other than they do with other members of the same class

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15
Q

what is a family ?

A

groups of closely related genera

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16
Q

what is a genus ?

A

closely related species

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17
Q

an example to memorise the order of the scheme of classification ?

A

king
prawn
curry
or
fat
greasy
sausages

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18
Q

what is a domain ?

A

based on the type of cells the organism has

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19
Q

what are the two types of anatomical evidence ?

A

homologous
analogous

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20
Q

what are organisms that have homologous structures thought to be ?

A

closely related

21
Q

the higher the number of homologous structures between two species the what ?

A

closer they are in the phylogenetic tree

22
Q

analogous structures - define

A

they resemble each other in function but differ in structure

23
Q

how do you identify species

A

morphology and anatomy
cell structure ( eukaryotic/ prokaryotic )
physiology and chemical compositions

24
Q

definition of species

A

common ancestor
closely resemble structurally and biochemically
produce viable fertile offspring
do not breed with members of other species

25
Q

how does the scientific community evaluate the data ?

A
  • findings in scientific journals and presented at scientific conferences
  • scientists then study the evidence in a process called peer review
26
Q

what are nucleic acid mutations ?

A

large molecules like nucleic acids are subjected to changed with time

27
Q

how can the mutations in DNA occur ?

A

molecular clock

28
Q

how can you estimate the relatedness of different groups of organisms ?

A

by the amount of variation in their DNA

29
Q

what is DNA sequencing ?

A

the process of determining the exact order of the nucleotides in a DNA molecule

30
Q

where are DNA sequencing used ?

A

laboratory analysis

31
Q

stage 1 of DNA sequencing

A

DNA molecule is cut into pieces at very specific points by enzymes

32
Q

stage 2 of DNA sequencing

A

pieces of DNA are chemically modified and tagged with fluorescent dyes, which gives a different colour for each base

33
Q

stage 3 of DNA sequencing

A

these pieces of DNA are then separated by electrophiles and the bases recognised by the colour of their fluorescence

34
Q

stage 4 of DNA sequencing

A

when the sequence of these pieces of DNA are recorded they are then linked together to make up the base sequence of the whole DNA molecule

35
Q

extracting and cutting up DNA

A
  1. mechanically break up the cells
  2. filter the debris
  3. detergents are used to break down the cell membranes
  4. add protease to remove ‘ protein framework ‘
  5. DNA is isolated from the mixture of chemicals by precipitation with ethanol
  6. re - suspended in aqueous, pH buffered medium
36
Q

restricted enzymes

A

they restrict the multiplication of phage viruses

37
Q

what are the two types of restricted enzymes ?

A

blunt ends or sticky ends to cut fragments

38
Q

what is sticky ends ?

A

single stranded extensions formed in the DNA after digestion with a restriction enzyme that cuts in a staggered fashion

39
Q

what is electrophoresis ?

A
  • process used to separate particles
40
Q

how is electrophoresis carried out ?

A

carried out on an agarose gel or polyamide gel

41
Q

what does an agarose gel or polyamide gel both contain ?

A

tiny pores which allow them to act like a molecular sieve

42
Q

how is the separation in electrophoresis occur ?

A

according to the size and the charge carried - double principle

43
Q

what does the genetic differences between the DNA of various organisms give ?

A

gives us data on degrees of divergence in their respective evolutionary histories

44
Q

what does the matching of DNA samples of different species enable ?

A

discovery of how closely related particular species are

45
Q

how are the two organisms disclosed by ?

A

measuring the temperature at which they separate
- most distantly related the organisms are, the fewer the bonds would form

46
Q

DNA hybridisation - 5

A
  1. heat to separate strands
  2. combine single strands of DNA
  3. cool to allow renaturation of double stranded DNA
  4. determine degree of hybridisation
  5. after cooling, you heat them to see how easily they will separate ( if the two organisms are non closely related the ample will sperate at low temperature) ( if closely related organisms will require a higher temperature to separate)
47
Q

what is bioinformatics ?

A

the storage, manipulation and analysis of biological information

48
Q

what is phylogeny ?

A

the evolution development and history of a species or other group of organisms

Topic 3: Classification and Biodiversity (3 decks)

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