classification Flashcards
1
Q
what is the difference between organic diagnoses and functional diagnoses?
A
- Organic diagnoses involve clear physiological or structural changes > often with measurable abnormalities e.g. Huntingtons disease, brain injury, dementias, UTI
- functional diagnoses focus on symptoms & functional impairment w/o easily identifiable physiological markers > w/o underlying explanation/cause for it > based on experiences e.g. schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, PTSD, depression
2
Q
what is a diagnosis?
A
- identification of a mental health condition based on symptoms > useful for guiding treatment & support strategies + providing effective care
3
Q
what are the differences in signs and symptoms and how are they useful in diagnosis?
A
- signs may include observable behaviours, and symptoms are subjective experiences like changes in mood
- Both signs & symptoms are important in understanding & addressing health conditions > with medical diagnoses relying more on signs, & psychiatric diagnoses incorporating both.
4
Q
what is the discrete model?
A
- you either have it or don’t > dividing individuals into distinct classes or categories
- some ppl are mentally healthy & others have specific mental disorders
- decision trees > distinguish who has specific mental disease & who doesn’t
5
Q
what is a continuous model?
A
- ppl have differing degrees of mental health at diff times of live > anyone can become mentally ill given right circumstances
- mental disorders are about continua not categories
- Predicting the severity of depression symptoms on a continuous scale (e.g., using a numerical rating).
6
Q
what is the ICD classification system?
A
- international classification of diseases, version 11 > free & distributed broadly to low income countries
- developed by world health organisation = more broader > global development
- focus for mental & behavioural disorders classification = reduce disease burden
- understand patterns
- patients can be diagnosed quickly + easily = most appropriate treatment + research into disorders
7
Q
what is the DSM classification system?
A
- diagnostic & statistical manual of mental disorders, version 5 > costs
- developed by American psychiatric association
- focuses on functional diagnoses & psychodynamic influence
- approved by APA assembly
- shape psychiatric practice > pharmaceutical interests
- patients can be diagnosed quickly + easily = most appropriate treatment + research into disorders
8
Q
what are the problems with diagnostic approach?
A
- issues of reliability > diff docs might diagnose same patient with diff disorders
- validity: doesn’t means we can identify what causes disorder or identify effective treatment
- diff disorders not v distinct from each other > e.g. schizophrenia & bipolar
- homogeneity of sufferers > two patients might have same diagnosis but can be v diff from each other
- cultural biases > doesn’t consider cultural variations = potential biases in understanding
- overlooks psychosocial factors > impact applicability of treatment across diverse populations
9
Q
what are criticisms of classifications?
A
- diagnoses based on > symptoms not causes, clinical judgement and observation of behaviour = subject to biases
- categories are not valid & reliable
- cultural biases > symptoms differ, lang differences
- cultural differences
- stereotypes affect perception of what normal is in behaviour in ethnic groups
10
Q
what are criticisms of DSM-5?
A
- shaped by pharmaceutical industry > interested in development of drugs
- medicalised patterns of behaviour & mood
- no (external) review & unrealistic timelines
- biological intervention emphasises > no theoretical stance
- psychosocial factors neglected > ethnicity, sexuality, gender = ethnocentric < embedded in western worldview
11
Q
what are alternatives to diagnosis?
A
- symptom based approach > identify patients symptoms e.g. paranoid delusions & treat those directly
- psychological formulation > aim to identify the nature & causes of a patients symptom & devise most appropriate treatment on individual basis
12
Q
what are clinical interviews and their advantages and disadvantages?
A
- purpose = gather comprehensive info about individual’s mental health, emotions and relevant life experiences > ask qs about : symptoms, past history, current living, social networks, working conditions
> + flexible
> - reliability
> - self awareness > insight, shame = may not reveal important info, misleading or lying
> - interviewer effects = biases affect conclusions
13
Q
what are different types of clinical assessments?
A
- Clinical Interviews
- Psychological Testing = Provide objective & quantifiable data to assist in diagnosis & treatment planning
- Structured Interviews = Ensure consistency in data collection & allow for targeted assessment of particular symptoms or areas of functioning
- DSM
- clinical observation/ self observation
14
Q
what is the formulation approach?
A
- explain an individual’s psychological difficulties > Instead of focusing solely on diagnosis & symptom reduction = aims to provide a detailed & individualised understanding of the person’s experiences
- considers context & history> making sense of difficulties
- hypothesis driven> reflective and adaptable
- teamwork w/ client
15
Q
what is the manual vs formulation based approach?
A
- formulation based approach > works out goals for each specific client > identifies what is causing their difficulties & designs tailor made intervention for them > requires more experience to be implemented
- manual based approach > uses ready made treatment & gives to client after assessments to identify which package is best > may not be ideal for every client < annualised treatments sometimes adapted a little to fit clients needs
