Classification

Question 1

Who was carlolus linnaeus ?

Answer 1

First taxonomist, he created the five hierarchy

Question 2

what was his 5 kingdom heirarchy based on?

Answer 2

differences and similarities in anatomical, morphological and nutritional characteristics

Question 3

name the different hierarhy of kingdoms?

Answer 3

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
FAMILY
Genus

Question 4

what is binomial nomenclature?

Answer 4

Particular name for organism.. the biological system of naming the organism in which the name is composed of twoterms, where the first indicates the genus and the second term shows the species of the organism

ex.. common name tiger

Genus: panthera
Species: Tigris

Question 5

What are the 5 kingdom classfication system?

Answer 5

1. monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Plantae
5. Animalia

Question 6

What is the classification of monera in the kingdom?

Answer 6

• no nucleus
• single celled

Question 7

What is the classification of the kingdom Protista?

Answer 7

Organisms with nucleus
- unicellular or single-celled

Question 8

What is the classification of the Fungi kingdom?

Answer 8

• have a nucleus, either unicellular or multicellular
• nutrition differs from plants

example mushrooms

Question 9

What is the classification of the Plantae kingdom?

Answer 9

• nucleus
• multicellular
• photosynthetic (Describes bacteria that make their food using light energy)

Question 10

What are the characteristics of the Animalia kingdom?

Answer 10

• nucleus/multicellular
• mobile- move
  -heterotrophic (eat other things)

Question 11

What are some limitations of the five-kingdom classification system?

Answer 11

• you would not be able to distinguish between organisms that have evolved similar characteristics but are not necessarily closely related
  ex. Kuala bear fingerprints like humans
• the majority of life is very small, and it is hard to distinguish microscopic life
• extreme environments can’t bring them into the lab because they can survive, so how can you classify them?

Question 12

Which group is the most inclusive in the classification system?

Answer 12

phylum
then class
then order
then family
then genus
then species
move down becomes more specific

Question 13

What is central dogma?

Answer 13

Understanding that DNA in cells is a hard copy that provides all the information
- can be copied into a temporary message (RNA) and then transferred into proteins
- DNA to RNA to protein

Question 14

What are ribosomes responsible for?

Answer 14

• are the machines responsible for taking the message to RNA and translating it to protein

Question 15

What is ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer 15

every single living organism has this gene
- overtime
- translate information to proteins

Question 16

Since scientists could not bring certain species into the lab, what else did they do to study this?

Answer 16

• they study the rRNA, which is the ribosome to translate the information into proteins
• this gene accumulates and changes over time, so what scientists noticed is that
  if there are more similarities in the genes, then the organisms are more closely related
• if there are more differences in the gene, then the organisms are more distantly related

Question 17

How many parts is a ribosome made of? What do they consist of?

Answer 17

two parts, a large subunit
and a small subunit
- they both consist of protein and RNA (rRNA)
- rRNA (ribosomal RNA) encoded by genes and DNA

Question 18

What is the 3-domain classification system?

Answer 18

based on similarities and differences in molecular information
- primarily the ribosomal rRNA
- Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Question 19

What are the characteristics of Domain Bacteria?

Answer 19

• prokaryotic organisms lack a nucleus and unicellular
• they are single-celled
• they also have cell walls of peptidoglycan (thick mesh found between cellular membranes gives it shape and is made of carbs and proteins). If you destroy it, it will die the bacteria
• they have a small radius of 1-5 um micrometres

Question 20

What are the characteristics of domain archaea?

Answer 20

• no nucleus,
• tend to live in extreme environments( hot springs, salt fields)
• unicellular
• they lack peptidoglycan
• they have something called
  pseudo peptidoglycan -gives shape
• also small

Question 21

What are the characteristics of the domain Eukarya?

Answer 21

• eukaryotic
• unicellular single-celled or multicelled
• some have cell walls, but cell walls are not filled with peptidoglycan, but can be chitin (fungi), or cellulose ( plants_
• they are large cells

Question 22

What are some similarities between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?

Answer 22

DNA, Ribosomes (RNA to protein), cell membranes, use ATP, proteins, cytosol

Question 23

What are the characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 23

Singular DNA in the nucleoid lacks organelles, 70S (S- overall size and shape of molecule) ribosome
-A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea

Question 24

What are the characteristics of the eukaryotic cell?

Answer 24

has multiple linear DNA in the nucleus organelles, endomembrane system 80S Ribosome
-have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

Question 25

What is the relationship between the volume and surface area of a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 25

A cell doubles in size, the surface area to volume ratio decreases by 1/2

Question 26

What is a cell’s surface area?

Answer 26

is its cell membrane
- is the site of nutrient exchange and energy generation
- it must support the internal volume

Question 27

When a prokaryotic cell is small, what is its relationship with the surface area?

Answer 27

• they have a large surface area to volume ratio, so diffusion and reaction rates can support the internal volume

Question 28

What does a eukaryotic cell have that makes it so significant?

Answer 28

• organelles membrane bound organelles
• increase surface area
• compartmentalization - so that the cell can store or deliver nutrients or waste/ energy where it is needed

Question 29

What is vertical gene transfer?

Answer 29

flow of genetic information from one generation to the next

Question 30

What is horizontal gene transfer?

Answer 30

the movement of genes from one genome to another
- a gene from one species become part of a gene from another species
- common in bacteria (antibiotic resistance genes)
- have played a role in the evolution of eukaryotic cells

Question 31

What is a symbiotic relationship?

Answer 31

Occur between two organisms or mutually beneficial for both organisms.

Question 32

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

Answer 32

endo- living within
symbiosis- the relationship between two cells; one of the cells gets energy, and the other gets nutrients
the theory: a long time ago, two organisms that are now extinct had a close symbiotic relationship, and the result was mitochondria and chloroplasts
- life began with prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and evolved into a hybrid between archaea and bacteria

Question 33

Explain this model of endosymbiosis.
The host cell was an…
endosymbiont was a…
archaea received…
bacteria received…
host cell used its…

Answer 33

host cell was an energy-starved cell
endosymbiont was a bacteria-like prokaryote that was efficient at aerobic respiration ( start living with the energy-starved archaea)
archaea received energy
bacteria received nutrients and protection
host cell used its- excess energy (from the mitochondria powerhouse) to evolve an endomembrane system, it becomes the eukaryotic cell with a mitochondria

Question 34

What are some examples of evidence that support the endosymbiotic theory?

Answer 34

1. are the same size as modern prokaryotes
2. have their circular DNA
3. Replicate by binary fission (like a prokaryote)
4. have ribosomes that are similar to prokaryotic ribosomes

Question 35

How can organisms be classified by nutrition?

Answer 35

organisms need a source of energy
organisms need a source of carbon

Question 36

organisms need a source of energy, what is a phototroph, chemotroph, chemoorganotroph, and chemolithotroph?

Answer 36

phototroph= light eater or energy from light
chemotrophs= chemical eater
chemopranotroph= organic molecules (sugar, amino acids)
Chemolithotrophe= inorganic molecules ( Fe, sulfur, CH4 methane)

Question 37

we know that organisms need a source of carbon to grow and develop, what are autotrophs, and heterotrophs?

Answer 37

autotroph= (self-eater) synthesizes organic carbon by fixing CO2 (plants )
Heterotroph= (other eaters) get carbon from organic molecules such as glucose and pyruvate, amino acids

Question 38

What are the terms to define if you are getting your energy source from organic molecules?

Answer 38

chemoorgano

Question 39

What do you call an organism that is getting its energy from organic molecules and also getting carbon from organic molecules?

Answer 39

chemoorganoheterotroph
- ex. humans
eating organic molecules giving both energy and carbon

Question 40

What do you call an organism that gets energy from light and carbon from inorganic molecules?

Answer 40

Photoautotroph
ex. Plants fix CO2 and energy from light

Question 41

What do you call an organism that gets its energy from inorganic molecules and carbon from organic?

Answer 41

chemolithoheteroophs
-carbon source: organic carbon

energy source: inorganic chemicals

electron source: inorganic e- donor

Question 42

What do you call an organism that gets its carbon from inorganic molecules and energy from organic?

Answer 42

Chemoorganic autotrophs
- no examples

Question 43

What do you call an organism that gets energy from light and carbon from an organic molecule?

Answer 43

Photoheterotrophs

Question 44

What do you call an organism that gets energy from light and carbon from inorganic molecules?

Answer 44

photoautotroph
An organism that harnesses light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide.

Question 45

What do you call an organism that gets energy from inorganic molecules and carbon from inorganic molecules?

Answer 45

chemolithoautotroph