Classification Flashcards
How many species have been identified on Earth
over 2.5 million
What does taxonomy allow you to do?
Organize and classify all species on Earth
How are organisms grouped?
By characteristics they have in common
Define taxonomy
science of identifying, naming and classifying organisms
What is a group of organisms called?
Taxon (singular)
Taxa (plural)
Who came up with the first widely accepted classification system?
Aristotle
In Aristotle’s classification system, species were either ___________or ____________.
Plants or animals
Which scientist in the 18th century grouped organisms by similar structures?
Linneaus
What is the 2 part name that is given to every species called?
Binomial nomenclature
In binomial nomenclature, what are the two names used to identify every species?
Genus (first part…always capitalized)
Species (second part….never capitalized)
Scientific names are based on what language
Latin or Greek *same everywhere
In the scientific name Acer rubrum, identify each part of the name
Acer = genus rubrum = species
What are the benefits of binomial nomenclature?
uses same language for all species
uniform way to name organisms
What does the modern classification system add?
Evolutionary relationships
Scientists use evidence based on ____________to help classify organisms.
evolutionary relationshihps
What are the evolutionary relationships used to identify how closely related two species are?
Common ancestry
Common body structures
Embryology
Similarities in biochemistry
Chromosomes - number and strucure
Define embryology
how organisms develop before birth
List the levels of classification from most general to most specific
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
(Remember: dumb kings play cards on fat green stools or dumb kings play chess on fine green sand or dr. king Phillip came over for good spaghetti)
Looking only at a written classification how can you tell how closely related two species are?
The more levels of classification they share the more related they are.
What are the three domains of life?
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
How are archaea and bacteria different?
archaea = ancient. Live in harsh environments bacteria = typical everyday bacteria. Some are needed and some cause disease. Live in regular environments.
What are the 4 divisions of the kingdom eukarya?
Protista (Protists)
Fungi
Plantae (plants)
Animalia (animals)
______domains get divided up into _______kingdoms
3 domains into 6 kingdoms
Domains = Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
Kingdoms =
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Define autotroph and give an example
Organism that makes it own food
Ex. plant (anything that can do photosynthesis)
Define heterotroph and give an example
Organism that feeds on other organisms
Ex. humans (anything that can’t make its own food)
Define prokaryote and give an example
Cell without a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
Ex. any bacterial cell.
Define eukaryote and give an example
Cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
Ex. Yeast (single celled) up through human (multicellular)
For each of the following identify if they are unicellular or multicellular:
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Eubacteria - unicellular
Archaebacteria - unicellular
Protists - unicellular OR multicellular
Fungi - multicellular (most)
Plants - multicellular
Animals - multicellular
For each of the following identify if they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Eubacteria - Pro
Archaebacteria - Pro
Protists - Euk
Fungi - Euk
Plants - Euk
Animals - Euk
Which of the following have cell walls?
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Fungi
Plants
**some protists (but very few)
Animals never have cell walls
Bacteria (eubacteria) make their cell walls from ______________.
Peptidoglycan
Archaebacteria make their cell walls without using __________________.
Peptidoglycan
Fungi make their cell walls using__________.
Chitin (much stronger than cellulose)
Plants and a few protists make their cell walls using__________________.
Cellulose
Identify each of the following as an autotroph or a heterotroph.
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Eubacteria - can be either
Archaebacteria - can be either
Protists - can be either
Fungi - heterotroph
Plants - autotroph
Animals - heterotroph
**Anything that does photosynthesis is an autotroph!
What is a dichotomous key used to do?
Identify organisms in a step by step method
Dichotomous keys use __________.
couplets - sets of two opposing statements that give you directions
Because the statements are “opposites” they do not leave room for confusion.
How many couplets can you have on your dichotomous key?
One less than the number of organisms you are trying to classify.
Systematics classifies organisms in terms of what?
Natural relationships based on:
Similar structural features
Similar embryonic development
Similar chromosomes
Similar proteins
Similar DNA
Typological species concept groups species by
physical similarities (ex. color patterns)
Biological species concept groups species by
being a group of organisms that is able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Phylogenetic species concept
builds off biological species concept (interbreeding / producing fertile offspring)
Defines species in terms of ancestry through evolution
Define phylogeny
Evolutionary history of a species
Define phylogenetic tree
diagram that looks like a family tree.
Branching patters indicate how closely related taxa are
Define cladistics
System of phylogenetic analysis that classifies organisms according to the order they diverged from a common ancestor
Define cladogram
branching diagram that shows proposed evolutionary history of a species or group
Cladograms are based on what
shared ancestral characters and derived characters
Example of an ancestral (shared) character
birds and mammals both have backbones (common between the two species)
Example of a derived character
hair is a derived character for mammals while feathers are a derived character for birds (different between the two species)
What is the only species without a vertebral column?
lancelet
which species have jaw bones?
grouper
salamander
turtle
wolf
which species have 4 legged locomotion
salamander
turtle
wolf
Which of the following was the latest trait to evolve?
vertebral column
jaw bones
four legged locomotion
amniotic eggs
hair
hair
