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HS Biology > Classification > Flashcards

Classification Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many species have been identified on Earth

A

over 2.5 million

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2
Q

What does taxonomy allow you to do?

A

Organize and classify all species on Earth

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3
Q

How are organisms grouped?

A

By characteristics they have in common

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4
Q

Define taxonomy

A

science of identifying, naming and classifying organisms

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5
Q

What is a group of organisms called?

A

Taxon (singular)
Taxa (plural)

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6
Q

Who came up with the first widely accepted classification system?

A

Aristotle

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7
Q

In Aristotle’s classification system, species were either ___________or ____________.

A

Plants or animals

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8
Q

Which scientist in the 18th century grouped organisms by similar structures?

A

Linneaus

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9
Q

What is the 2 part name that is given to every species called?

A

Binomial nomenclature

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10
Q

In binomial nomenclature, what are the two names used to identify every species?

A

Genus (first part…always capitalized)
Species (second part….never capitalized)

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11
Q

Scientific names are based on what language

A

Latin or Greek *same everywhere

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12
Q

In the scientific name Acer rubrum, identify each part of the name

A 
Acer = genus 
rubrum = species
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13
Q

What are the benefits of binomial nomenclature?

A

uses same language for all species
uniform way to name organisms

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14
Q

What does the modern classification system add?

A

Evolutionary relationships

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15
Q

Scientists use evidence based on ____________to help classify organisms.

A

evolutionary relationshihps

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16
Q

What are the evolutionary relationships used to identify how closely related two species are?

A

Common ancestry
Common body structures
Embryology
Similarities in biochemistry
Chromosomes - number and strucure

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17
Q

Define embryology

A

how organisms develop before birth

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18
Q

List the levels of classification from most general to most specific

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

(Remember: dumb kings play cards on fat green stools or dumb kings play chess on fine green sand or dr. king Phillip came over for good spaghetti)

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19
Q

Looking only at a written classification how can you tell how closely related two species are?

A

The more levels of classification they share the more related they are.

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20
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya

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21
Q

How are archaea and bacteria different?

A 
archaea = ancient. Live in harsh environments 
bacteria = typical everyday bacteria. Some are needed and some cause disease. Live in regular environments.
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22
Q

What are the 4 divisions of the kingdom eukarya?

A

Protista (Protists)
Fungi
Plantae (plants)
Animalia (animals)

23
Q

______domains get divided up into _______kingdoms

A

3 domains into 6 kingdoms

Domains = Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

Kingdoms =

Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia

24
Q

Define autotroph and give an example

A

Organism that makes it own food

Ex. plant (anything that can do photosynthesis)

25
Q

Define heterotroph and give an example

A

Organism that feeds on other organisms

Ex. humans (anything that can’t make its own food)

26
Q

Define prokaryote and give an example

A

Cell without a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles

Ex. any bacterial cell.

27
Q

Define eukaryote and give an example

A

Cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.

Ex. Yeast (single celled) up through human (multicellular)

28
Q

For each of the following identify if they are unicellular or multicellular:

Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals

A

Eubacteria - unicellular

Archaebacteria - unicellular

Protists - unicellular OR multicellular

Fungi - multicellular (most)

Plants - multicellular

Animals - multicellular

29
Q

For each of the following identify if they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals

A

Eubacteria - Pro
Archaebacteria - Pro
Protists - Euk
Fungi - Euk
Plants - Euk
Animals - Euk

30
Q

Which of the following have cell walls?

Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals

A

Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Fungi
Plants
**some protists (but very few)

Animals never have cell walls

31
Q

Bacteria (eubacteria) make their cell walls from ______________.

A

Peptidoglycan

32
Q

Archaebacteria make their cell walls without using __________________.

A

Peptidoglycan

33
Q

Fungi make their cell walls using__________.

A

Chitin (much stronger than cellulose)

34
Q

Plants and a few protists make their cell walls using__________________.

A

Cellulose

35
Q

Identify each of the following as an autotroph or a heterotroph.

Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals

A

Eubacteria - can be either

Archaebacteria - can be either

Protists - can be either

Fungi - heterotroph

Plants - autotroph

Animals - heterotroph

**Anything that does photosynthesis is an autotroph!

36
Q

What is a dichotomous key used to do?

A

Identify organisms in a step by step method

37
Q

Dichotomous keys use __________.

A

couplets - sets of two opposing statements that give you directions

Because the statements are “opposites” they do not leave room for confusion.

38
Q

How many couplets can you have on your dichotomous key?

A

One less than the number of organisms you are trying to classify.

39
Q

Systematics classifies organisms in terms of what?

A

Natural relationships based on:

Similar structural features
Similar embryonic development
Similar chromosomes
Similar proteins
Similar DNA

40
Q

Typological species concept groups species by

A

physical similarities (ex. color patterns)

41
Q

Biological species concept groups species by

A

being a group of organisms that is able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

42
Q

Phylogenetic species concept

A

builds off biological species concept (interbreeding / producing fertile offspring)

Defines species in terms of ancestry through evolution

43
Q

Define phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history of a species

44
Q

Define phylogenetic tree

A

diagram that looks like a family tree.
Branching patters indicate how closely related taxa are

45
Q

Define cladistics

A

System of phylogenetic analysis that classifies organisms according to the order they diverged from a common ancestor

46
Q

Define cladogram

A

branching diagram that shows proposed evolutionary history of a species or group

47
Q

Cladograms are based on what

A

shared ancestral characters and derived characters

48
Q

Example of an ancestral (shared) character

A

birds and mammals both have backbones (common between the two species)

49
Q

Example of a derived character

A

hair is a derived character for mammals while feathers are a derived character for birds (different between the two species)

50
Q

What is the only species without a vertebral column?

A

lancelet

51
Q

which species have jaw bones?

A

grouper

salamander

turtle

wolf

52
Q

which species have 4 legged locomotion

A

salamander

turtle

wolf

53
Q

Which of the following was the latest trait to evolve?

vertebral column

jaw bones

four legged locomotion

amniotic eggs

hair

A

hair

HS Biology (3 decks)

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