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HS Biology > Cells and Microscopes > Flashcards

Cells and Microscopes Flashcards

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1
Q

Who made the first compound light microscope

A

Janssen (late 1500s)

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2
Q

What did Leeuwenhoek do

A

improved magnification

first to observe living cells under microscope (called them animalcules)

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3
Q

Simple microscope vs. compound microscope

A

Has only one lens vs. two lenses

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4
Q

Electron microscopes

A

use electrons instead of light
magnify up to 1,000,000 X
high magnification and resolution
Cells must be dead

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5
Q

SEM

A

scanning electron microscope
produces 3D image
Only see surface of specimen

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6
Q

TEM

A

transmission electron microscope
Produces 2D image
Can see detailed cell parts

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7
Q

STM

A

scanning tunneling microscope

Shows arrangement of atoms and molecules
Can observe live specimens

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8
Q

What are the three parts of cell theory

A
  1. Cells are the smallest unit of life
  2. All living things are made of cells (at least one)
  3. All cells divide and come from pre-existing cells
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9
Q

Centrifuge

A

spins to separate mixtures (like cells)

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10
Q

Micro dissection

A

using tiny instruments under a microscope to work with cells

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11
Q

Cell culture

A

grow cells in a lab

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12
Q

The variety of cell shapes reflect

A

different functions

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13
Q

What is the boundary of the cell and what is it made of

A 
plasma membrane (aka cell membrane) 
Made of a phospholipid bilayer
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14
Q

Cytoplasm

A

everything in cell except nucleus

cytosol - liquid part of the cytoplasm includes dissolved materials

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15
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center of the cell
DNA is inside nucleus in eukaryotes
DNA is free floating in prokaryotes

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16
Q

Ribosomes

A

make protein.

Start in cytoplasm. Some will sit down on rough ER.

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17
Q

Prokaryotes

A 
have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
Have plasma membrane
Have cell wall
Have ribosomes
Have free floating circular DNA
18
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Have nucleus and complex membrane bound organelles

19
Q

Cellular organization small to large

A 
cell 
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
20
Q

Plant cells

A

Have large central vacuole
Have cell wall
Have chloroplast

21
Q

Define organelle

A

subcellular structure that has one or more jobs to perform in the cell

22
Q

Cells are limited in size by

A

rate at which substances needed by the cell can enter through the surface

Want the largest surface area to volume ratio possible

23
Q

Diameter of most plant and animal cells

A

10 - 50 micrometers

24
Q

How does a nerve cell illustrate that structure is related to function

A

long extensions for sending impulses

25
Q

How do skin cells illustrate that structure is related to function

A

skin cell are flat and form a barrier

26
Q

How are organelles in a cell like organs in an organism

A

organelles all have different jobs but work together to keep the cell functioning this is the same as organs in an organism

27
Q

When were microscopes first used

A

17th century

28
Q

Ribosomes

A

make proteins

29
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

has ribosomes
modifies proteins
moves proteins through ER and into Golgi apparatus (golgi body)

30
Q

Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Body

A

Modifies and packages proteins into vesicles

31
Q

Vesicles

A

Transport proteins or other materials around the cell

32
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

makes lipids

removes toxins from the cell

33
Q

Cell wall

A

made of cellulose

provides structure and support to plant cells and fungi

34
Q

Mitochondria

A

turns glucose into ATP

35
Q

Chloroplast

A

Captures sunlight and transforms it into chemical energy (glucose)

36
Q

lysosome

A

contains enzymes that degrade old organelles, proteins, or the entire cell

37
Q

Vacuole

A

storage of food, water, or enzymes

38
Q

Centrioles

A

make the spindle during mitosis

39
Q

What organelles are involved with protein formation

A 
nucleus (turns DNA to mRNA)
ribosome (turns mRNA into protein) 
Rough ER (modifies protein) 
Golgi Body (modifies and packages proteins) 
Vesicle (transports proteins)
40
Q

Where can proteins go after they are shipped out in vesicles

A

plasma membrane (either to stay in membrane or get shipped out of cell)

lysosome (if there is a mistake and they need to be degraded)

other organelles

41
Q

What organelles are involved with energy

A

chloroplast (capture light energy and transform it to chemical energy)

mitochondria (transform glucose to ATP)

42
Q

What is the process called where cells take on specific jobs?

A

differentiation

HS Biology (3 decks)

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