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Biology OCR A A level > Classification > Flashcards

Classification Flashcards

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1
Q

What is classification?

A

The process of living organisms being sorted into groups

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2
Q

What are taxonomic groups?

A

A classification system based on hierarchy

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3
Q

What are the 7 groups in the major taxonomic groups?

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus 
Species
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4
Q

What are the three reasons that scientists classify organisms?

A

To identify species
To predict characteristics
To find evolutionary links

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5
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya

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6
Q

Define ‘species’

A

A group of organisms that are able to reproduce to produce fertile offspring

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7
Q

What were animals classified on before the kingdom system?

A

Physical characteristics

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8
Q

What is binomial nomenclature?

A

A scientific name consisting of the genus and the species

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9
Q

When Aristotle classified organisms how did he do so?

A

Plants and Animals
Plants- every living thing that did not move or eat or that continued to grow throughout life
Animals- everything that moved, ate, and stopped growing at a certain size

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10
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms in Linnaeus’ system?

A 
Prokaryotae 
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
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11
Q

What are the 3 general features of a prokaryotae?

A

Unicellular
No nucleus or membrane bound organelle
No visible feeding mechanism

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12
Q

Give an example of a prokaryotae

A

Bacteria- E coli

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13
Q

Explain the cellular structure of a protoctist

A

Unicellular
A nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Some have chloroplasts

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14
Q

How do protoctists move?

A

Cillia, flagella or amoeboid mechanisms. However some are sessile.

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15
Q

How are nutrients acquired in protoctists?

A

Some are autotrophic
Some are heterotrophic
Some use both

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16
Q

Give two examples of a protoctist

A

Paramecium and Amoeba

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17
Q

Explain the cellular structure of fungi

A

Unicellular or multicellular
A nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
No chloroplasts

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18
Q

How do fungi move?

A

They have no mechanism for locomotion

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19
Q

What is a fungi made of?

A

A body or mycelium made of threads or hyphae

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20
Q

How do fungi acquire nutrients?

A

Saprophytic feeders

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21
Q

Give 3 examples of fungi

A

Mushrooms, Moulds and Yeast

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22
Q

Explain the cellular structure of plants

A

Multicellular
A nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Chlorophyll

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23
Q

How do plants move?

A

Don’t tend to move however gametes of some plants move via cillia or flagella

24
Q

How do plants obtain nutrients?

A

Autotrophic so acquire nutrients via photosynthesis

25
Q

How do plants store food?

A

As starch

26
Q

Explain the cellular structure of animals

A

Multicellular
A nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
No chloroplasts

27
Q

How do animals move

A

Aid of cillia, flagella, contractile proteins in form of muscular organs

28
Q

How do animals obtain nutrients?

A

Heterotrophic feeders, obtain nutrients via ingestion

29
Q

What characteristics does Woese’s system use to classify?

A

Differences in sequences of nucleotides in cell’s ribosomal RNA
Cell’s membrane lipid structure
Sensitivity to antibiotics

30
Q

What form of rRNA and have different ribosomes do Eukarya have?

A

Ribosomes=80S

RNA polymerase contains 12 proteins

31
Q

What form of rRNA and have different ribosomes do Archaea have?

A

70S ribosomes

RMA polymerase has between 8 and 10 proteins

32
Q

What form of rRNA and have different ribosomes do Bacteria have?

A

70S ribosomes

RNA polymerase has 5 proteins

33
Q

What are the 6 kingdoms in Woese’s system?

A 
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria 
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
34
Q

What is specific about Archaebacteria?

A

Ancient bacteria that live in extreme environments

35
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The name given to evolutionary relationships between organisms

36
Q

What does phylogeny show?

A

Reveals which groups organisms are particularly closely related to
How closely organisms are related to each other

37
Q

What does a phylogenetic tree show?

A

Branched diagrams which show that different species have evolved from a common ancestor

38
Q

How are phylogenetic trees produced?

A

Looking at similarities and differences in species’ physical characteristics and genetic make up.

39
Q

Give 2 advantages of phylogenetic classification

A

Phylogeny creates a continuous tree and therefore data is not forced into groups
Doesn’t have a hierarchal nature

40
Q

What is evolution?

A

The theory that describes the way in which organisms evolve, or change, over many years as a result of natural selection

41
Q

What is the theory of uniformitarianism?

A

The Earth was shaped by physical forces such as sedimentation, erosion and depostion

42
Q

Who came up with the theory of uniformitarianism?

A

James Hutton

43
Q

Which animal did Darwin investigate evolution on? What did he see?

A

Finches, variations in the beaks and claws.

44
Q

What did theory did Darwin propose?

A

The theory of evolution by natural selection

45
Q

Give 3 different ways that the process of evolution can be studied

A

Palaeontology
Comparative Anatomy
Comparative Biochemistry

46
Q

What is the fossil record?

A

Different layers of rock are formed over time
The top strata is the newest and the bottom strata is the oldest
The newest fossils are found in the top
Fossils look different depending on their time period

47
Q

Give 4 pieces of evidence for evolution provided by the fossil record

A

Oldest fossils have more simple organisms, newer fossils have more complex organisms
Sequence which organisms are found matches ecological links
Fossils can show how closely related ancestors are linked
Fossils allow the relationship between extinct and living organisms to be investigated

48
Q

Give 3 reasons why the fossil record is incomplete

A

Soft-bodied organisms decompose quickly
Conditions for fossilisation aren’t always present
Fossils have been destroyed by tectonic activity

49
Q

What is comparative anatomy?

A

The study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different living species

50
Q

What is a homologous structure?

A

A structure that appears superficially different in different organisms but has the same underlying structure

51
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

The process of from a common ancestor different species evolve with a different set of adaptive features.

52
Q

When does divergent evolution occur?

A

Closely related species diversify to adapt to new habitats as a result of migration or loss of habitat

53
Q

What is comparative biochemistry?

A

The study of similarities and differences in the proteins and other molecules that control life processes

54
Q

What does the hypothesis of neutral evolution state?

A

The most variability of structure of a molecule does not affect its function

55
Q

How do scientists compare when two species last shared a common ancestor?

A

The number of differences that exist are plotted against the rate at which molecule undergoes neutral base substitution.

56
Q

How are relationships between ancient species compared?

A

Ribosomal RNA and fossil records

Biology OCR A A level (17 decks)

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