Classifciation and Evolution Flashcards
Taxonomy and the taxon groups (8)
- The science of classifying living things
- 7 Taxons; Kingdoms Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Biodiversity (4)
- The variation of organisms;
Genetically
Using Habitats
Species variation
What criteria is used when classifying in taxonomy (5)
- Anatomy and physiology
- Biochemistry
- Behaviour
- Genes
- Phylogeny; evolutionary relationships
Classification (2)
- Arrangement of organisms into various groups
- Based on their common features/ characteristics
Domains
- Largest taxa as it only contains three groups
- Eukarya; all the eukaryotes are grouped here- Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protoctist.
- Archaebacteria; closer related to eukaryotes
- Eubacteria
Describe the Plant kingdom (4)
- Eukaryotic
- Multicellular
- cellulose cell wall
- autotrophic
Describe the kingdom of animals (4)
- Multicellular
- heterotrophs
- fertilised eggs develop into blastula
- eukaryotes
Describe the kingdom of Fungi (6)
- Eukaryotic
- Multicellular
- Saprophytic
- contains mycelium
- chitin cell wall
- contains hyphae
- reproduces via spores
Why is classification used on organisms? (3)
- Clearly identifies species
- Predicts characteristics: if one member in a group has a trait, more likely others will too.
- Finds evolutionary links: characteristics are probably shared due to a common ancestor
Adaptations (4)
- characteristics that increases an organism’s chance of survival and reproduction in a specific environment
- Anatomical
- Behavioural
- Physiological
Examples of Anatomical adaptations (4)
- Body Coverings; hair, scales, shells, feathers
- camouflage; blend to the environment which allows hiding from predators
- teeth; shape of them is related to an organism’s diet
- Mimicry; copying appearance and sounds
Behavioural adaptations (4)
- innate or learned
- survival; eg playing dead
- Courtship; elaborate actions to attract mates
- seasonal; cope with changes in environment (hibernation and migration)
Physiological adaptations (3)
- Poison; eg venom
- Antibiotic production
- water holding; storage of water such as cactus and camel
Adaptations (4)
- characteristics that increases an organism’s chance of survival and reproduction in a specific environment
- Anatomical
- Behavioural
- Physiological
Examples of Anatomical adaptations (4)
- Body Coverings; hair, scales, shells, feathers
- camouflage; blend to the environment which allows hiding from predators
- teeth; shape of them is related to an organism’s diet
- Mimicry; copying appearance and sounds
Behavioural adaptations (4)
- innate or learned
- survival; eg playing dead
- Courtship; elaborate actions to attract mates
- seasonal; cope with changes in environment (hibernation and migration)
Physiological adaptations (3)
- Poison; eg venom
- Antibiotic production
- water holding; storage of water such as cactus and camel
Evidence for evolution (3)
- Palaeontology; fossils
- Comparative anatomy
- Comparative Biochemistry; genetic makeup
How is palaeontology useful as evidence for evolution? (4)
- Helps predict the age of organisms; older organisms are from deeper layers
- Evidence for simple life forms complex life; Simplier fossils like bacteria are in older rocks whereas complex ones are in newer rocks
- Ecological links; plants occurs before animals therefore animals needed plants to survive
- Anatomical similarities observed; eg skeleton
Reasons why the fossil record is incomplete? (3)
- Soft body tissue decomposes quickly so organisms that are mainly that will not be persevered
- conditions may have not allowed some fossils to form; eg volcanoes
- some just haven’t been found
How is comparative anatomy useful as evidence for evolution? (3)
- Differences and similarities with living species can be observed
- Homologous structures are evidence for divergent evolution
- Can show how organisms evolved from a common ancestor due to similar underlying structure; eg vertebrate limbs
What are homologous structures?
- Structures that are superficially different in organisms but have the same underlying structure
- eg pentadactyl limbs in vertebrates have the same arrangement of bone
Types of Variation (2)
- Interspecific
- intraspecific
Causes of variation (6)
- Genetic; inheriting alleles, mutations, sexual reproduction, chance and meiosis
- Environmental reasons