Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology, Module 4 OCR > Classifciation and Evolution > Flashcards

Classifciation and Evolution Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Taxonomy and the taxon groups (8)

A
  • The science of classifying living things
- 7 Taxons;
Kingdoms
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Biodiversity (4)

A
  • The variation of organisms;

Genetically

Using Habitats

Species variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What criteria is used when classifying in taxonomy (5)

A
  • Anatomy and physiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Behaviour
  • Genes
  • Phylogeny; evolutionary relationships
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Classification (2)

A
  • Arrangement of organisms into various groups

- Based on their common features/ characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Domains

A
  • Largest taxa as it only contains three groups
  • Eukarya; all the eukaryotes are grouped here- Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protoctist.
  • Archaebacteria; closer related to eukaryotes
  • Eubacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the Plant kingdom (4)

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Multicellular
  • cellulose cell wall
  • autotrophic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the kingdom of animals (4)

A
  • Multicellular
  • heterotrophs
  • fertilised eggs develop into blastula
  • eukaryotes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the kingdom of Fungi (6)

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Multicellular
  • Saprophytic
  • contains mycelium
  • chitin cell wall
  • contains hyphae
  • reproduces via spores
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is classification used on organisms? (3)

A
  • Clearly identifies species
  • Predicts characteristics: if one member in a group has a trait, more likely others will too.
  • Finds evolutionary links: characteristics are probably shared due to a common ancestor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Adaptations (4)

A
  • characteristics that increases an organism’s chance of survival and reproduction in a specific environment
  • Anatomical
  • Behavioural
  • Physiological
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Examples of Anatomical adaptations (4)

A
  • Body Coverings; hair, scales, shells, feathers
  • camouflage; blend to the environment which allows hiding from predators
  • teeth; shape of them is related to an organism’s diet
  • Mimicry; copying appearance and sounds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Behavioural adaptations (4)

A
  • innate or learned
  • survival; eg playing dead
  • Courtship; elaborate actions to attract mates
  • seasonal; cope with changes in environment (hibernation and migration)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Physiological adaptations (3)

A
  • Poison; eg venom
  • Antibiotic production
  • water holding; storage of water such as cactus and camel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Adaptations (4)

A
  • characteristics that increases an organism’s chance of survival and reproduction in a specific environment
  • Anatomical
  • Behavioural
  • Physiological
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Examples of Anatomical adaptations (4)

A
  • Body Coverings; hair, scales, shells, feathers
  • camouflage; blend to the environment which allows hiding from predators
  • teeth; shape of them is related to an organism’s diet
  • Mimicry; copying appearance and sounds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Behavioural adaptations (4)

A
  • innate or learned
  • survival; eg playing dead
  • Courtship; elaborate actions to attract mates
  • seasonal; cope with changes in environment (hibernation and migration)
17
Q

Physiological adaptations (3)

A
  • Poison; eg venom
  • Antibiotic production
  • water holding; storage of water such as cactus and camel
18
Q

Evidence for evolution (3)

A
  • Palaeontology; fossils
  • Comparative anatomy
  • Comparative Biochemistry; genetic makeup
19
Q

How is palaeontology useful as evidence for evolution? (4)

A
  • Helps predict the age of organisms; older organisms are from deeper layers
  • Evidence for simple life forms complex life; Simplier fossils like bacteria are in older rocks whereas complex ones are in newer rocks
  • Ecological links; plants occurs before animals therefore animals needed plants to survive
  • Anatomical similarities observed; eg skeleton
20
Q

Reasons why the fossil record is incomplete? (3)

A
  • Soft body tissue decomposes quickly so organisms that are mainly that will not be persevered
  • conditions may have not allowed some fossils to form; eg volcanoes
  • some just haven’t been found
21
Q

How is comparative anatomy useful as evidence for evolution? (3)

A
  • Differences and similarities with living species can be observed
  • Homologous structures are evidence for divergent evolution
  • Can show how organisms evolved from a common ancestor due to similar underlying structure; eg vertebrate limbs
22
Q

What are homologous structures?

A
  • Structures that are superficially different in organisms but have the same underlying structure
  • eg pentadactyl limbs in vertebrates have the same arrangement of bone
23
Q

Types of Variation (2)

A
  • Interspecific

- intraspecific

24
Q

Causes of variation (6)

A
  • Genetic; inheriting alleles, mutations, sexual reproduction, chance and meiosis
  • Environmental reasons
25
Q

Ways of representing genetic variation

A
  • Discontinuous; only certain discrete values- usually genetic
  • Continuous; range of values from one extreme to another which usually forms a normal distribution curve
26
Q

Characteristics of a distribution curve (3)

A
  • Mean, median and mode are the same
  • bell shape symmetry about the mean
  • extreme values are very low whilst most values are close to the mean
27
Q

Types of statistical test (3)

A
  • Standard deviation
  • Student’s t test
  • PMCC
28
Q

Analogous structures

A

Structures that perform the same roles but have a different genetic origin

Eg fish and whale fin

29
Q

Convergent evolution (2)

A
  • when unrelated species begin to share similar traits

- This is due to organisms adapting to similar environments or selection pressures

30
Q

Selection pressure

A

Factors that affect the organism’s chances of survival or reproductive success

31
Q

Describe natural selection (4)

A
  • Variation; species show this in their characteristics usually due to genetic causes
  • Survival; those better adapted to a selection pressure are more likely to survive and reproduce: eg competition, disease, predation
  • Passing alleles; organisms that survive pass on advantageous characteristics to their offspring
  • Overtime the gene pool population of the advantageous adaptation increases. Eventually evolution of a new species occur.
32
Q

What is divergent evolution? (2)

A
  • Different species with adaptive features evolve from a common ancestor
  • closely related species diversified to adapt to a new habitat
33
Q

How is comparative biochemistry evidence for evolution. (6)

A
  • Differences and similarities in protein molecules
  • Links with cytochrome C
  • Ribosomal RNA have a slow rate of substitution
  • Evolutionary embryology show animals in their earliest phase
  • Sequence of DNA bases
  • Sequences of amino acids
34
Q

Why are the estimates for the number of species not accurate (4)

A
  • Not all species have been discovered
  • Some are difficult to distinguish
  • some may have become extinct
  • speciation occurs; new species being formed
35
Q

What is the founders effect (3)

A
  • When new colonies are formed geographically isolated from the original one as a result of a dying population
  • founders now have different Genes; the one that survived selection pressure
  • causes a smaller gene pool
36
Q

Genetic bottleneck (2)

A

When a large number of organisms in a population dies before reproducing.

This leads to a reduction in genetic biodiversity as the surviving population are usually very genetically similar.

37
Q

Genetic drift

A
  • The frequency of occurrence of an allele vary due to the random nature of alleles being passed on
  • This can cause the existence of a certain allele to disappear altogether
38
Q

Horizontal transmission in bacteria

A
  • When bacteria exchange alleles between different species, which can cause greater resistance amongst a wider population
39
Q

Vertical transmission

A
  • Bacteria containing resistant genes and passing them on via reproduction

Biology, Module 4 OCR (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions