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Biology, Module 4 OCR > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

How can mutations affect biodiversity?

A
  • occur in DNA and creates newallele
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2
Q

Interbreeding

A
  • individuals from two populations breed and transfer alleles
  • causes gene flow
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3
Q

Selective breeding

A
  • few individuals in population selected for their advantageous characteristics and bred
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4
Q

How does natural selection affect biodiversity

A
  • species evolve to code for characteristics that code for advantageous characteristics
  • less advantageous genes will be lost overtime
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5
Q

Factors that affect genetic biodiversity (7)

A
  • Mutations in DNA
  • Interbreeding; gene flow
  • selective breeding
    I
  • artifices cloning
  • natural selection
  • founder effect
  • genetic drift
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6
Q

Importance of biodiversity

A
  • Maintains balanced ecosystem as all species are dependant
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7
Q

Human activity that affects biodiversity (3)

A
  • Deforestation
  • Agriculture: increases monoculture
  • Clearing land for housing
  • Climate change; human activity increases global warming
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8
Q

Sampling and its uses (3)

A
  • Taking measurements of a limited number of individual organisms present in a particular area
  • measures particular characteristics and abundance of species
  • helps make predictions or generalisations
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9
Q

Random sampling

A
  • Selecting individuals by chance, each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected
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10
Q

Non-random sampling

A
  • Opportunistic; organisms conveniently available

- Systematic; sampling different areas within an overall habitat. Measures change over an area eg transect

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11
Q

What can affect reliability of a sample

A
  • Sampling bias

- Chance; organism might not be representative

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12
Q

Different sampling techniques for animals

A
  • Pooter: small insects
  • Sweeter nets: organisms in long nets
  • Pitfall traps: small invertebrates and mammals
  • Tree beating
  • Kick sampling: river bank and bed
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13
Q

Sampling for animals

A
  • Quadrat; frame or point
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14
Q

Species evenness (2)

A
  • Number of individual species on a given area

- How close the number of species are

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15
Q

Why are abiotic sensors used? (4)

A
  • Human errors
  • greater precision
  • data can be stored and tracked on computer
  • rapid changes can be detected
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16
Q

What are abiotic factors; included examples(6)

A
  • Nonliving conditions in an environment. Usually have direct affect on organisms in habitat.
  • eg; pH, wind speed, light intensity, relative humidity, temperature
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17
Q

How is biodiversity calculated

A
  • Simpson’s index; takes into account richness and evenness with 1 being the highest diversity
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18
Q

Habitat features for low biodiversity (5)

A
  • few numbers of successful species
  • stress/ extreme with few ecological niches
  • simple food webs
  • very specific adaptations
  • change to the environment massively affects ecosystem
19
Q

Importance of generic biodiversity

A
  • The more alleles present in a population, the more biodiversity
  • Species with greater genetic biodiversity are more likely to be able to adapt to environment
  • It is more likely for organisms to contain advantageous characteristics
20
Q

Polymorphism (2)

A
  • Genes that have more than one allele

- eg blood type in humans are determined by 3 alleles

21
Q

How does deforestation affect biodiversity (3)

A
  • Reduces number of trees
  • destroys animal habitat so reduces animal species present in that area
  • animals forced to migrate to other areas which increases neighbouring biodiversity
22
Q

How does agriculture affect biodiversity

A
  • Pesticides reduces biodiversity
  • herbicides also reduces biodiversity
  • Monoculture
23
Q

Reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A
  • Aesthetics; how the region appears
  • Economical; how the region can affect income
  • Ecological reasons; how species are supported in the region
24
Q

Economic reasons for maintaining biodiversity (7)

A
  • Soil erosion and desertification due to deforestation causes lack of crops and decline in resources
  • By not conserving organisms used to make things, the removal of resources makes economical industries viable
  • Species with potentially economical importance can become extinct through large scale habitat loss
  • Monoculture; soil depletion makes soil weaker and plants more susceptible to pests
  • Lack of biodiversity makes organisms more vulnerable against abiotic stresses eg disease/ weather
  • Promotes tourism with pleasing biodiversity
  • Plant biodiversity means advantageous characteristics can be interbred
25
Q

Ecological reasons for maintaining biodiversity?

A
  • All organisms are dependant on each other for survival
  • Removal of keystone species drastically affects the whole ecosystem. Important to protect keystone species as they have largest biomass and productivity
  • Allows regulation of oxygen and CO2 in the atmosphere.
  • Allows minerals to be recycled in the ecosystem.
26
Q

What is conservation

A
  • Preservation and management of environment of natural resources.
  • In situ; within natural habitat
  • ex situ; out of natural habitat
27
Q

How are species classified in terms of classification (4)

A
  • Extinct
  • Extinct in the wild; only exists in captivity
  • Endangered; danger of extinction
  • Vulnerable; considered likely to become endangered in the near future
28
Q

In situ conservation

A
  • preserves interdependent relationships present in a habitat so interlinked species are also preserved
  • Wildlife reserves
  • Marine conservation zones
29
Q

Describe wildlife reserves techniques (6)

A
  • Controlled grazing
  • restricting human access
  • controlled poaching
  • feeding animals
  • reintroducing species
  • removing invasive species
30
Q

Ex situ conservation techniques (3)

A
  • Botanic gardens
  • Seed banks
  • captive breeding
31
Q

Marine conservation zones (2)

A
  • Creates areas of refuge within populations can build up and repopulate
  • large areas are targeted which allows target species to move over large distances
32
Q

Botanic gardens (2)

A
  • Species are given best resources: soil nutrients, watering, prevention of pests
  • plants grown are a potentiometer source of genes that have resistance to disease, pests and parasites
33
Q

Seed banks (3)

A
  • Gene bank: provides back up against extinction of wild plants
  • seeds collected and dried below 20 degrees: Slowly down the rate of seed germination
  • does not work on all plants: tropical rainforest trees
34
Q

Captive breeding programmes (3)

A
  • Producing offsprings of species in human controlled environment
  • Includes zoo, aquatic centres
  • the species are eventually released back to its natural habitat after producing a healthy population of species
35
Q

Why may some species in captive breeding not be able to be released? (4)

A
  • Disease: may have not developed resistance to new diseases
  • Behaviour: species have learned behaviour which are not beneficial- eg looking for food.
  • Genetic races: captive animals become so different that they cannot interbreed with original population
  • Habitat; natural habitat must be stable and restored before animal is reintroduced
36
Q

Conservation agreements

A
  • cross boarder protection
  • International Union for the Conservation of Nature
  • The Rio Convention
  • Countryside stewardship scheme
37
Q

International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (3)

A
  • Red List is published each year which details conservation status of threatened animals
  • Countries work together to conserve the species
  • Establishes the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES): trade in wild animals and plants across boarders
38
Q

The Rio Convention (6)

A
  • The Convention on Biological diversity (CBD): countries have to develop national strategies for sustainable use of organisms
  • share genetic resources
  • share access to scientific knowledge
  • promote ex situ conservation; eg set up seed banks
  • raise awareness of biodiversity to general public
  • allow cohesive international cooperation
39
Q

Countryside stewardship scheme/ Environmental Stewardship scheme (5)

A
  • Payments offered to farmers and land managers to enhance and conserve English landscape
  • Sustains beauty and biodiversity
  • restores neglected land
  • conserves archaeological and historic features
  • improves and creates wildlife habitats
40
Q

What are the different ways of improving sampling techniques (3)

A
  • Seasonal variation; different times of the year and day
  • Methods to ensuring individuals are not counted again
  • Efficient ways of capturing species and correctly identifying them
41
Q

Advantages of seed banks over Adult plants

A
  • take up less space
  • rate of germination is slowed down and can be stored for a longer period
  • stores greater genetic diversity
  • easier to transport
42
Q

CITES (5)

A
  • Conservation on International Trade of Endangered Species
  • Monitors trade in endangered species
  • Ensures trade does not endanger wild populations
  • Prohibits trade in wild plants
  • allows trade in less endanger organisms
43
Q

What does a high value in Simpson’s Index of diversity indicate? (4)

A

The habitat has a high biodiversity.

There is a high number of species which are represented evenly.

Habitat is stable and resistant to disruption.

Habitat is worth conserving.

44
Q

What does a low value in Simpson’s Index of diversity indicate? (4)

A

Habitat has a low bioversity.

Habitat is dominated by one/ a few species.

Habitat is unstable and susceptible to disruption.

Habitat may be man made.

Biology, Module 4 OCR (3 decks)

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