Classical Conditioning Flashcards
what is an unconditioned stimulus? (US/UCS)
stimuli that can automatically elicit unlearned unconditioned responses because of a pre-existing, unlearned association
what is unconditioned response? (UR/UCR)
- can be like a fixed action pattern, a type of involuntary reflex
- they can be overt muscular responses (approach/avoid)
or internal (like/dislike responses) - different species have different USs and URs evolved to be useful – anticipate US
what type is learning is classical conditioning?
learning through association
- It is not stimulus-response learning
what did Hull and Thorndike believe?
- Hull thought it was important only to study observable things.
- Learning had to be visible, between visible S and visible R. - He also argued all learning was S-R.
- Thorndike said to form an S-R association you need a reinforcer to stamp it in.
- So they thought all learning requires a response and a reinforcer.
what is autoshaping?
A classical conditioning procedure. A procedure during which a cue repeatedly paired with a reward elicits a conditioned response directed at either the reward delivery location (“goal-tracking”) or the cue itself (“sign-tracking”)
what is evaluative conditioning?
The change in the affective evaluation of a previously neutral stimulus (NS) that occurs after the stimulus has been associated with a second, positive or negative, affective stimulus (AS) E.g. finding money instead of just metal rings on the floor
what is stimulus substitution?
a way of characterizing the outcome of classical conditioning when the conditioned stimulus is said to have taken on the functions of the unconditioned stimulus.
What is second order conditioning?
A form of learning in which a stimulus is made meaningful or consequential for an organism through an initial step of learning, and then that stimulus is used a basis for learning about some new stimulus
what is sensory preconditioning
Sensory preconditioning is an extension of classical conditioning. Procedurally, sensory preconditioning involves repeated simultaneous presentations of two neutral stimuli, i.e. stimuli that are not associated with a desired unconditioned response.
difference between sensory order conditioning and sensory preconditioning?
In sensory preconditioning first stage is between 2 neutral stimuli are paired. Don’t see any behaviour resulted from the pairing. But see it later once something happens e.g. a dog bites you and then you don’t want to do to the house where the dog is
what are some ways of measuring classical conditioning?
- animal experiments used skinners box with rats or pigeons
- food experiments to look at appetitive reinforcement (measure number of times the animal looks for food when the stimulus is on and compare with what they did before the stimulus)
- shock experiments (aversive factor) for conditioned fear
how do you measure the suppression ratio?
rate CS / (rate before + rate CS)
what is extinction?
The decrease or disappearance of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimuli
what is conditioned inhibition?
a stimulus that predicts the absence of an otherwise expected outcome comes to control an organism’s responding.
e.g. you like purple quality streets but your friend gets a dodgy box and when you have some they taste funny therefore you no longer want them
what is spontaneous recovery?
when an extinct response randomly comes back
