Classical conditioning Flashcards
Classical Conditioning
Animal associate a stimulus that evokes response (US) with the 2nd stimulus that does not evoke response (CS)
Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning
Process by which humans and animals learn to behave in such a way as to obtain rewards and avoid punishments
Involves complex neural circuits due to the fact motivation plays critical role
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
A stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a behavioral response
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
An originally neutral stimulus that after pairing w/ US to trigger a behavioral response
Unconditioned Response (UR)
response that has not been learned or trained, natural and innate
Conditioned Response (CR)
a behavioral response elicited by the the CS after conditioning
Cued Conditioning
uses a tone to evoke a CR
The tone is used then a shock is initiated evoking fear into mice.
in cued (auditory) fear conditioning fearful memories depend on amygdala
Contextual Conditioning
fear conditioning
fearful memories depend on
amygdala and hippocampus
Delay Conditioning
US immediately or co-terminates with the CS. there is a delay but the CS and US overlap for a time
Nondeclarative memory
Trace Conditioning
US and CS are separated in time by a trace interval. A type of classical conditioning in which the US and CS are presented separately with an interval of time in between
Declarative memory
Spatial Context
Learning can happen by associating spaces with particular memories and therefore responses. Place cells could be relevant due to their particular activation
What are the differences between Delay Conditioning and Trace conditioning
Delay Conditioning
Delay but the CS and UCS overlap for a time
Cerebellum
Trace
Us and CS are presented separately with an interval of time
Cerebellum + Hippocampus
fear Conditioning and Eyeblink Conditioning
Fear Conditioning-
Depends on the amygdala
+Hippocampus if the CS is a context
+ Hippocampus with trace procedure
Eyeblink
Depends on cerebellum
+hippocampus with trace procedure
What is an effect of norepinephrine on fear memory in normal animals and animals with lesioned amygdala ?
Normal animals show better memory
Lesion on amygdala blocks the effect of NE on memory
C.C.
Affective
Features of the stimulus generating emotion that are perceived and processes by the cortico-limbic system
C.C.
Attractors
A limited number of stable neuronal states. Representations and values are attractors caused by learning and memory processes. Emotional states are attractors normally caused by memory retrieval, recognition and classification. In anxiety disorder, however such states may become independent of retrieval
C.C.
Encoding
A process leading to memory formation and storage
C.C.
Epigenetic Mechanisms
Molecular mechanisms that cause changes in the chromosome without alterations in the DNA sequence, thereby maintaining stable cellular phenotypes
C.C.
Fear
An emotional state triggered by real, perceived, or remembered threat
C.C.
Fear Conditioning
A behavioral paradigm in which organisms learn to fear a CS associated with aversive events
CC
Fear extinction
A behavioral paradigm in which organism learn not to fear a CS that is no longer paired with a US
Fear and extinction states
emotional states caused by retrieval of CS representations with aversive or non-aversive values. Thus the terms fear and extinction can be used interchangeably to describe emotional states and behavioral
responses
CC
Immediate early genes (IEG)
genes responding with a rapid, inducible
expression to various stimuli
Phenotype
The set of observable characteristics of a cell, circuit or organism
resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment
Representations
Perceptions or memories of the sensory attributes of a CS or US
Rescorla-Wagner learning rule
learning from the discrepancy between an
expected and actual US
Sensory
physical features of the stimulus perceived and processed by the
somatosensory brain areas
State
the information available to an organism at a given time. States may include
internally available information as well as signals provided by the environment [12].
Here, we primarily discuss internal attractor states, i.e. memory and emotion
Memory Trace
a physical record of memory. Memory trace is a hypothetical
permanent (biochemical or biophysical) change in the nervous system brought
about by memorizing something; an engram.
One of the major aims of modern memory research is to locate the physical
substrate of memory (also referred to as ‘memory trace’ or ‘neural substrates of memory’) in the brain.
engram
memory trace.
At the beginning of 20th century, Richard Semon coined a word “engram” to
describe a memory trace. Engrams are theorized to be means by which memory
traces are stored as a biophysical or biochemical changes in the brain in response to
external stimuli. The engram is the representation of a memory in the brain
Neuronal ensemble
is a population of neurons involved in a particular neural computation.
The concept of neural ensemble dates back to the work of Charles Sherrington who described the functioning of the CNS as the system of reflex arcs, each composed of
interconnected excitatory and inhibitory neurons. In Sherrington’s scheme, α-motoneurons are the final common path of a number of neural circuits of different
complexity: α-motoneurons integrate a large number of inputs and send their final
output to muscles.
Neurobiological mechanisms of enhanced memory for emotional material
Increased release of stress hormones
Epinephrine
Glucocorticoids
Increased amygdala activity
epinephrine and amygdala react quickly
