Classical Chinese Lessons 5-8 Flashcards
What does 也 mean?
It’s a particle.
- it can place a special emphasis on a phrase. -> indicating an emphasis.
What is the function of 也?
Can be used in XY 也 sentences -> to create a “copular” sentence (“to be” sentences. -> to create the “nominal” sentence
- Here you put the 2 elements side by side, and then end the sentence with 也.
- Eg. That / silkworm 也
-> if the two parts of the sentence (“X” and “Y”) are too long, then will usually separate them with a comma (but not always)
- Eg. 魯公仁人也 The Duke of Lu is a kind man.
- 管仲, 知修行而諫其君者也 Guan Zhong is the one who knows how to cultivate his conduct and remonstrate with his lord.
How do you use XY 也 sentences with 所?
A sort of “definition” form.
子之所往,趙也。 The place you are going to is Zhao
公盧之所諫,趙簡子也。The one whom Gong Lu remonstrated with is Viscount
Jian of Zhao.
魚所逃,淺水也。What fish flee is shallow water.
我所不飲,酒也。 What I don’t drink is ale
- It can be used on either side:
酒,我所不飲也。 Ale is what I don’t drink.
魚,我所欲也。 Fish is what I like.
What does 三 mean?
Three, third; three times.
What does 亡 (wang2) mean?
To lose, to destroy, to die, to be lost, to escape.
- all meanings are tied to loss or absence.
What does 共 mean?
Together, both.
What does 勝 (sheng4) mean?
To triumph over, to defeat; to be superior to; victory.
What does 獲 mean?
To catch; to obtain
- synonym: 得. Also, like 得,獲 can be used with another verb, “to be able to…”
What does 卒 mean?
- Finally, in the end.*
- To die
- Foot soldier.
- Hastily (used as a substitute for 猝)
- To crowd, to throng (used as a substitute for 萃)
- Meanings #2 and #3 are quite common, though they are not encountered in our texts.
- synonym (meaning #1): 終
What does 即 mean?
- Right then; immediately; then.*
- To go to, to proceed to.
What does 嘗 mean?
- To taste, to prove, to experience, to try; test.
- In the past. *
- one of a number in literary Chinese indicating the past tense. Sometimes it is used to represent constant or frequent occurrence in the past (“often”).
What does 居 mean?
- To occupy [a place], to live [in a place].
- To pass by (of time).*
- Synonym (meaning #1): 在. Meaning #2 occurs at the beginning of sentences to indicate a passage of time: 居三年, “after three years went by”; 居一月, “after a month went by”. and so forth.
What does 已 mean?
- Already; to the end, to stop.*
- [Sentence-ending particle, used for 矣]
What does 年 mean?
Year.
What does 懼 mean?
Te fear, to dread; fear timidity.
What does 晉 mean?
The state of Jin.
What does 次 mean?
Sequence, order; next.
- In L8 以次 would mean “by means of order,” that is, “in turn,” “one by one.”
What does 殺 mean?
To kill.
What does 皆 mean?
All, every.
What does 相 mean?
- Mutually, each other.
- Government minister; to serve [a state] as a government minister.
- Physiognomy; fate, fortune, good fortune.
- The adverb (meaning #1) is most common, though meaning 2 is encountered frequently in historical writing.
- combining this character with 相謂曰 we get “they addressed each other syaing, saying…”
What does 矣 yi3 mean?
[Final particle: indicates emphasis or completion of an action]
- Note that 已 can serve the same purpose.
What does 秦 qin2 mean?
The state of Qin. 秦 eventually conquered all other states and established the first Chinese empire.
What does 謂 mean?
- To name; to assume, to think.
- To say [to someone]. [coverb]*
- Meaning #2 (as seen in L8) indicates the person to whom one is speaking, with the pattern 謂X曰.
Eg. 孔子謂公曰, “Confucius addressed the duke, saying …”
- When the person being addressed is clear from context, then the writer will simply give 謂曰, “he addressed [him], saying…” -> 穆公謂曰: “Duke Mu said [to the men]…”
What does 諸 zhu1 mean?
- [Particle: plural marker.]*
- [Fusion particle; equivalent to 之 + 乎.
- When placed in front of a noun, 諸 makes the noun plural.