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Classic presentations Flashcards

1
Q

Abdominal pain, ascites, and hepatomegaly

A

Budd-Chiari syndrome (posthepatic venous thrombosis)

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2
Q

Abdominal pain, diarrhea, leukocytosis, recent antibiotic use

A

Clostridium difficle infection.

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3
Q

Achilles tendon xanthoma

A

Familial hypercholesterolemia (decreased LDL receptor signaling)

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4
Q

Adrenal hemorrhage, hypotension, and DIC

A

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (meningococcemia)

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5
Q

Anaphylaxis following blood transfusion

A

IgA deficiency

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6
Q

Anterior drawer sign

A

Anterior cruciate ligament injury

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7
Q

Arachnodactyly, lens dislocation, aortic dissection, hyperflexible joints

A

Marfan syndrome (fibrillin defect)

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8
Q

Athlete with polycythemia

A

Secondary to erythropoietin injection.

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9
Q

Back pain, fever, and night sweats

A

Pott disease (vertebral TB).

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10
Q

Bilateral acoustic schwannomas

A

Neurofibromatosis type 2

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11
Q

Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis

A

Sarcoidosis (noncaseating granulomas)

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12
Q

Black eschar on face of patient with diabetic ketoacidosis

A

Mucor or Rhizopus fungal infection.

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13
Q

Blue sclera

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta (type I collagen defect)

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14
Q

Bluish line on gingiva

A

Burton line (lead poisoning)

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15
Q

Bone pain, bone enlargement, and arthritis

A

Paget disease of bone (increased osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity).

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16
Q

Bounding pulses, diastolic heart murmur, head bobbing

A

Aortic regurgitation

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17
Q

Butterfly facial rash and Raynaud phenomenon in a young female

A

SLE

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18
Q

Cafe-au-lait spots, Lisch nodules (iris hemartoma), cutaneous neurofibromas, pheochromocytoma, and optic gliomas

A

Neurofibromatosis type 1, pheochromocytoma, optic gliomas.

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19
Q

Cafe-au-lait spots (unilateral), polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, multiple endocrine abnormalities

A

McCune-Albright syndrome (mosaic G-protein signaling mutation).

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20
Q

Calf pseudohypertrophy

A

Muscular dystrophy (most commonly Duchenne due to x-linked recessive frameshift mutation of dystrophin gene).

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21
Q

Cervical lymphadenopathy, desquamating rash, coronary aneurysms, red conjunctivae and tongue

A

Kawasaki disease (treat with IVIG and aspirin)

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22
Q

Cherry red spots on macula

A

Tay-Sachs (ganglioside accumulation) or Niemann Pick (sphingomyelin accumulation), central retinal artery occlusion

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23
Q

Chest pain on exertion

A

Angina (stable if it occurs with moderate exertion; untable with minimal exertion or at rest.

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24
Q

Chest pain, pericardial effusion/friction rub, persistent fever following MI

A

Dressler syndrome (autoimmune mediated post-MI fibrinous pericarditis, 2-12 weeks after an acute episode).

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25
Q

Chest pain with ST depressions on EKG

A

unstable angina (troponin is negative) or NSTEMI (troponin is positive).

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26
Q

Child uses arms to stand up from a squat

A

Gowers sign (Duchenne muscular dystrophy)

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27
Q

Child with fever later develops red rash on face that spreads to body

A

Slapped checks (erthema infectiosum/ fifth disease, parvovirus B19).

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28
Q

Chorea, dementia, caudate degeneration

A

Huntington disease (autosomal dominant CAG repeat expansion).

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29
Q

Chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications

A

Congenital toxoplasmosis

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30
Q

Chronic exercise intolerance with myalgia, fatigue, painful cramps, myoglobinuria

A

McArdle disease (skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency).

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31
Q

Cold intolerance

A

Hypothyroidism

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32
Q

Conjugate horizontal gaze palsy, horizontal diplopia

A

Intermuclear ophthalmoplegia (damage to MLF, it may be unilateral or bilateral).

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33
Q

Continuous machine like murmur

A

PDA (close with indomethacin, maintain open with PGE analogs)

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34
Q

Cutaneous/dermal edema due to connective tissue deposition

A

Myxedema (caused by hypothyroidism, Graves disease [pretibial]).

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35
Q

Cutaneous flushing, diarrhea, and bronchospasm

A

Carcinoid syndrome (right sided cardiac valvular lesions, increased 5-HIAA).

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36
Q

Dark purple skin/mouth nodules in a patient with AIDS

A

Kaposi sarcoma, it is associated with HHV-8

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37
Q

Deep, labored breathing/hyperventilation

A

Kussmaul respirations (diabetic ketoacidosis).

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38
Q

Dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea

A

Pellagra (niacin [vitamin B3] deficiency)

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39
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, alcoholism or malnutrition

A

Wet beriberi (thiamine [vitamin B1] deficiency)

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40
Q

Dog or cat bite resulting in infection

A

Pasteurella multocida (cellulitis at inoculation site)

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41
Q

Dry eyes, dry mouth, and arthritis

A

Sjogren syndrome (autoimmune destruction of exocrine glands)

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42
Q

Dysphagia (esophageal webs), glossitis, iron deficiency

A

Plummer-Vinson syndrome (may progress to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma).

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43
Q

Elastic skin, hypemobility of joints, and increased bleeding tendency

A

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (type V collagen defect, type III collagen defect seen in vascular subtype of ED).

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44
Q

Enlarged, hard left supraclavicular node

A

Virchow node (abdominal metastasis)

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45
Q

Episodic vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss

A

Meniere disease

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46
Q

Erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, atypical T cells.

A

Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) or Sezary syndrome (mycosis fungoides plus malignant T cells in blood).

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47
Q

Facial muscle spasm upon tagging

A

Chvostek sign (hypocalcemia)

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48
Q

Fat, female, forty, and fertile

A

Choelithiasis (gallstones)

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49
Q

Fever, chill, headache, myalgia following antibiotic treatment for syphilis

A

Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (rapid lysis of spirochetes results in endotoxin release).

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50
Q

Fever, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, diffuse rash

A

Measles

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51
Q

Fever, night sweats, weight loss

A

B symptoms (staging) of lymphoma.

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52
Q

Fibrous plaques in soft tissue of penis with abnormal curvature

A

Peyronic disease (connective tissue disorder)

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53
Q

Golden brown rings around peripheral cornea

A

Kayser-Fleischer rings (copper accumulation from Wilson disease).

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54
Q

Gout, intellectual disability, self mutilating behavior in a boy

A

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, x-linked recessive).

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55
Q

Hartomatous GI polyps, hyperpigmentation of mouth/ feet/ hands/ genitalia

A

Peutz Jeghers syndrome (inherited, benign polyposis can cause bowel obstruction). There is also an increase risk of cancer, mostly GI.

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56
Q

Hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, osteoporosis, aseptic necrosis of femur, and bone crisis

A

Gaucher disease (glucocerbrosidase deficiency).

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57
Q

Hereditary nephritis, sensorineural hearing loss, cataracts

A

Alport syndrome (mutation in collagen IV)

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58
Q

Hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyperdocility

A

Kluver Bucy syndrome (bilateral amygdala lesion)

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59
Q

Hyperreflexia, hypertonis, Babinski sign is present

A

UMN damage

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60
Q

Hyporeflexia, hypotonia, atrophy, fasciculations

A

LMN damage

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61
Q

Hypoxemia, polycythemia, hypercapnia

A

Blue bloater (chronic bronchitis, hyperplasia, of mucous cells)

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62
Q

Nonpainful, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion

A

Primary syphilis, Treponemia pallidum.

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63
Q

Painful, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion with exudate

A

Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)

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64
Q

Infant with cherry red spot on macula, hepatosplenomegaly, and neurodegeneration

A

Niemann Pick disease (genetic sphingomyelinase deficiency)

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65
Q

Infant with cleft lip/palate, microcephaly or holoprosencephaly, polydactly, cutis aplasia.

A

Patau syndrome (trisomy 13)

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66
Q

Infant with hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly

A

Cori disease (debranching enzyme deficiency) or Von Gierke disease (glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency, more severe)

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67
Q

Infant with microcephaly, rocker bottom feet, clenched hands, and structural heart defect

A

Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18)

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68
Q

Jaundice, palpable distended non-tender gallbladder

A

Courvoisier sign (distal obstruction of the biliary tree)

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69
Q

Large rash with bull’s appearance

A

Erythema chronicum migrans from Ixodes tick bite (lyme disease is cause by Borrelia).

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70
Q

Lucid interval after traumatic brain injury

A

Epidural hematoma (middle meningeal artery rupture)

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71
Q

Male child, recurrent infections, no mature B cells

A

Bruton disease (x-linked agammaglobulinema)

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72
Q

Mucosal bleeding and prolonged bleeding time

A

Glanzmann thrombasthenia (defect in platelet aggregation due to lack of GpIIb/IIIa).

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73
Q

Muffled heart sounds, distended neck veins, hypotension

A

Beck triad of cardiac tamponade.

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74
Q

Multiple colon polyps, osteomas/soft tissue tumors, impacted/supernumeray teeth

A

Gardner syndrome (subtype of FAP)

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75
Q

Myopathy (infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), exercise intolerance

A

Pompe disease (lysosomal alpha-1, 4 glucosidase deficiency).

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76
Q

Neonate with arm paralysis following a difficult birth

A

Erb-Duchenne palsy (superior trunk [C5-C6] brachial plexus injury, waiter’s tip)

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77
Q

No lactation postpartum, absent menstruation, cold intolerance

A

Sheehan syndrome (pituitary infarction)

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78
Q

Nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech, bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia

A

Multiple sclerosis

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79
Q

Painful blue fingers/ toes, hemolytic anemia

A

Cold agglutinin disease (autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infectious mononucleosis, CLL)

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80
Q

Painful finger/toes changing color from blue to white to red

A

Raynaud phenomenon (vasospasm in extremities)

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81
Q

Painful raised red lesions on pads of fingers/toes

A

Osler nodes (infective endocarditis, immune complexes deposition).

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82
Q

Painless erythematous lesions on palms and soles

A

Janeway lesions (infective endocarditis, septic emboli/ microabscesses)

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83
Q

Painless jaundice

A

Cancer of the pancreatic head obstructing bile duct

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84
Q

Palpable purpura on buttocks/legs, joint pain, abdominal pain child), hematuria

A

Henoch-Schonlein purpura (IgA vasculitis affecting skin and kidneys)

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85
Q

Pancreatic, pituitary, parathyroid tumors

A

MEN 1 (autosomal dominant)

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86
Q

Periorbital and/or peripheral edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia

A

Nephrotic syndrome

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87
Q

Pink complexion, dyspnea, hyperventilation

A

Pink puffer (emphysema) Centriacinar is caused by smoking, while panacinar is caused by alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency.

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88
Q

Polyuria, renal tubular acidosis type II, growth failure, electrolyte imbalance, hypophosphatemic rickets

A

Fanconi syndrome (multiple combined dysfunction of the proximal convoluted tubule).

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89
Q

Pruritic, purple, polygonal planar papules and plaques (6 P’s)

A

Lichen planus.

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90
Q

Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis

A

Horner syndrome (sympathetic chain lesion)

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91
Q

Pupil accommodates but doesn’t react

A

Argyll Robertson pupil (neurosyphilis).

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92
Q

Rapidly progressive limb weakness that ascends following GI/URI

A

Guillain Barre syndrome (acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculpathy subtype.

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93
Q

Rash on palms and soles

A

Coxsackie A, secondary syphilis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever

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94
Q

Recurrent cold (noninflamed) abscesses, unusual eczema, high serum IgE

A

Hyper-IgE syndrome (Job syndrome, neutrophil chemotaxis abnormalities).

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95
Q

Red currant jelly sputum in alcoholic or diabetic patients

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia

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96
Q

Red current jelly stools

A

Acute mesenteric ischemia (adults), intussusception (children).

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97
Q

Red, itchy, swollen rash of nipple/areola

A

Paget disease of the breast (sign of underlying neoplasm)

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98
Q

Red urine in the morning, fragile RBCs

A

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

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99
Q

Renal cell carcinoma (bilateral), hemangioblastomas, angiomatosis, pheochromocytoma

A

von Hippel Lindau disease (dominant tumor suppressor gene mutation)

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100
Q

Resting tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability, shuffling gait

A

Parkinson disease (loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta.

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101
Q

Retinal hemorrhages with pale centers

A

Roth spots (bacterial endocarditis)

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102
Q

Severe jaundice in neonate

A

Crigler-Najjar syndrome (congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

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103
Q

Severe RLQ pain with palpation of LLQ

A

Rovsing sign (acute appendicitis)

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104
Q

Severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness

A

McBurney sign (acute appendicitis)

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105
Q

Short stature, cafe au lait spots, thumb/ radial defects, increased incidence of tumors/ leukemia, aplastic anemia

A

Fanconi anemia (genetic loss of DNA cross linked repair, often progresses to AML).

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106
Q

Single palmar crease

A

Down syndrome

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107
Q

Situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, and infertility

A

Kartagener syndrome (dynein arm defect affecting cilia)

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108
Q

Skin hyperpigmentation, hypotension, and fatigue

A

Primary adrenocortical insufficiency (eg Addison disease) causes an increase in ACTH and an increase in alpha-MSH production).

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109
Q

Slow, progressive muscle weakness in boys

A

Becker muscular dystrophy (x-linked missense mutation in dystrophin; it is less severe than Duchenne).

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110
Q

Small, irregular red spots on buccal/lingual mucosa with blue-white centers

A

Koplik spots (measles and rubeola virus)

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111
Q

Smooth, moist, painless, wart-like white lesions on genitals

A

Condylomata lata (secondary syphilis).

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112
Q

Splinter hemorrhages in fingernails

A

Bacterial endocarditis

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113
Q

Strawberry tongue

A

Scarlet fever, Kawaski disease

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114
Q

Streak ovaries, congenital heart disease, horseshoe kidney, cystic hygroma at birth, short stature, webbed neck, and lymphedema

A

Turner syndrome (45, XO)

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115
Q

Sudden swollen/painful big toe joint, tophi

A

Gout/podagra (hyperuricemia)

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116
Q

Swollen gums, mucosal bleeding, poor wound healing, petechiae

A

Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency, preventing hydroxylate proline/lysine for collagen synthesis)

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117
Q

Swollen, hard, painful finger joints

A

Osteoarthritis (osteophytes on PIP [Bouchard nodes], DIP [Heberden nodes].

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118
Q

Systolic ejection murmur (crescendo-decrescendo)

A

Aortic stenosis

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119
Q

Telangiectasias, recurrent epistaxis, skin discoloration, arteriovenous malformations, GI bleeding hematuria

A

Osler-Weber Rendu syndrome

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120
Q

Thyroid and parathyroid tumors, pheochromocytoma

A

MEN 2A (autosomal dominant RET mutation)

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121
Q

Thyroid tumor, pheochromocytoma, ganglioneuromatosis

A

MEN 2B (autosomal dominant RET mutation).

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122
Q

Toe extension/fanning upon plantar scrape

A

Babinski sign (UMN lesion)

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123
Q

Unilateral facial drooping involving forehead

A

LMN facial nerve (CN VII) palsy; UMN lesions spare the forehead.

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124
Q

Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis in a male

A

Reactive arthritis associated with HLA-B27.

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125
Q

Vascular birthmark (port wine stain) of the face

A

Nevus flammeus (benign, but associated with Sturge Weber syndrome)

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126
Q

Vomiting blood following gastroesophageal lacerations

A

Mallory-Weiss syndrome (alcoholic and bulimic patients)

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127
Q

Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever adenopathy

A

Whipple disease (Tropheryma whippei)

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128
Q

Worst headache of my life

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

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129
Q

Anticentromere antibodies

A

Scleroderma (CREST)

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130
Q

Anti-desmoglein (epithelial) antibodies

A

Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)

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131
Q

Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies

A

Goodpasture syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)

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132
Q

Antihistone antibodies

A

Drug induced SLE (eg hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide)

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133
Q

Anti-IgG antibodies

A

Rheumatoid arthritis (systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonniere deformity)

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134
Q

Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)

A

Primary biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)

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135
Q

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)

A

Microscopic polyangiitis and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg Strauss syndrome) (MPO-ANCA/ p-ANCA); granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener; PR3-ANCA/ c-ANCA

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136
Q

Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs: anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA)

A

SLE (type III hypersensitivity)

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137
Q

Antiplatelet antibodies

A

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

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138
Q

Anti-topoisomerase antibodies

A

Diffuse systemic scleroderma

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139
Q

Anti-transglutaminase antibodies

A

Celiac disease (diarrhea and weight loss)

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140
Q

Anti-gliadin antibodies

A

Celiac disease (diarrhea and weight loss)

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141
Q

Anti-endomysial antibodies

A

Celiac disease (diarrhea and weight loss)

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142
Q

Apple core lesion on barium enema x-ray

A

Colorectal cancer (usually left sided)

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143
Q

Atypical lymphocytes

A

EBV

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144
Q

Azurophilic peroxidase positive granular inclusions in granulocytes and myeloblasts

A

Auer rods (AML, especially the promyelocytic [M3] type)

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145
Q

Sensitive to bacitracin

A

S. pyogens (group A)

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146
Q

Resistent to bacitracin

A

S. agalactiae (group B)

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147
Q

Bamboo spine on x-ray

A

Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27)

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148
Q

Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs

A

Howell-Jolley bodies (due to splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen)

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149
Q

Basophilic stippling of RBCs

A

Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia

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150
Q

Bloody or yellow tap on lumbar puncture

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

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151
Q

Boot-shaped heart on x-ray

A

Tetralogy of Fallot (due to RVH)

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152
Q

Branching gram positive rods with sulfur granules

A

Actinomyces israelii

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153
Q

Bronchogenic apical lung tumor on imaging

A

Pancoast tumor, which can compress the cervical sympathetic chain and cause Horner syndrome

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154
Q

Brown tumor of the bone

A

Hyperparathyroidism or osteitis fibrosa cystica (deposited hemosiderin from hemorrhage gives it its brown color).

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155
Q

Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy

A

Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)

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156
Q

Cellular crescents in the Bowman capsule

A

Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis

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157
Q

Chocolate cyst of the ovary

A

Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)

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158
Q

Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils

A

Homer-Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma)

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159
Q

Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs

A

Cystic fibrosis, which is autosomal recessive due to a mutation in CFTR gene leading to fat soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs.

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160
Q

A decrease in AFP in amniotic fluid/maternal serum

A

Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormalities.

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161
Q

Degeneration of dorsal column fibers

A

Tabes dorsalis (tertiary syphilis), subacute combined degeneration (dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal, spinocerebellar tracts are affected)

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162
Q

Delta wave on EKG, short PR interval, supraventricular tachycardia

A

Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome (bundle of Kent bypasses AV node)

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163
Q

Depigmentation of neurons in the substantia nigra

A

Parkinson disease (basal ganglia disorderL rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)

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164
Q

Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum

A

Curschmann spirals (bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plugs)

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165
Q

Disarrayed granulosa cells arranged around collections of eosinophilic fluids

A

Call-Exner bodies (granulosa cell tumor of the ovary)

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166
Q

Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with raisinoid nuclei and hyperchromasia

A

Koilocytes (HPV predisposes to cervical cancer).

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167
Q

Electrical alternans (alternating amplitude on EKG)

A

Pericardial tamponade

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168
Q

Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies

A

Owl eye appearance of CMV

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169
Q

Enlarged thyroid cells with ground glass nuclei with central clearing

A

Orphan Annie eyes nuclei (papillary carcinoma of the thyroid)

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170
Q

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cells

A

Mallory body (alcoholic liver disease)

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171
Q

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell

A

Lewy body (parkinson disease)

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172
Q

Eosinophlic globule in liver

A

Councilman body (viral hepatitis, yellow fever), represents hepatocyte undergoing apoptosis.

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173
Q

Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of the hippocampal and cerebellar neurons

A

Negri bodies of rabies

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174
Q

Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain

A

Senile plaques (alzheimer disease)

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175
Q

Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions (owl’s eye)

A

Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin lymphoma)

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176
Q

Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germcells

A

Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk sac tumor)

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177
Q

Hair on end (crew cut) appearance on x-ray

A

beta-thalassemia, sickle cell disease (marrow expansion)

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178
Q

hCG elevated

A

Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo, and multiple pregnancy)

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179
Q

Heart nodules (granulomatous)

A

Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)

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180
Q

Heterophile antibodies

A

Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)

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181
Q

Hexagonal, double pointed, needle like crystals in bronchial secretions

A

Bronchial asthma (Charcot-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules).

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182
Q

High level of D dimers

A

DVT, PE, DIC

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183
Q

Hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in the middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify)

A

Ghon complex (primary TB: mycobacterium bacilli)

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184
Q

Honeycomb lung on x-ray or CT

A

Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis

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185
Q

Hypercoagulability (leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis)

A

Trousseau syndrome (adenocarcinoma of the pancreas or lung).

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186
Q

Hypersegmented neutrophils

A

Megaloblastic anemia (B12 deficiency causes neurologic symptoms, while folate deficiency does not cause neurologic symptoms)

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187
Q

Hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis

A

Conn syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism)

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188
Q

Hypochromic, microcytic anemia

A

Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (fetal hemoglobin sometimes present).

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189
Q

Increased AFP in amniotic fluid/maternal serum

A

Dating error, anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects)

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190
Q

Increased uric acid levels

A

Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics.

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191
Q

Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet like bodies

A

Cowdry type A bodes (HSV or VZV)

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192
Q

Iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum

A

Ferrunginous bodies (asbestosis, which increases the risk of mesothelioma)

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193
Q

Keratin pearls on a skin biopsy

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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194
Q

Large granules in phagocytes, immunodeficiency

A

Chediak Higashi disease (congenital failure of phagolysosome formation)

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195
Q

Lead pipe appearance of the colon on abdominal imaging

A

Ulcerative colitis (loss of haustra)

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196
Q

Linear appearance of IgG deposition on glomerular and alveolar basement membranes

A

Goodpasture syndrome

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197
Q

Low serum ceruloplasmin

A

Wilson disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)

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198
Q

Lumpy bumpy appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence

A

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (due to deposition of IgG, IgM, and C3)

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199
Q

Lytic (punched out) bone lesions on x-ray

A

Multiple myeloma

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200
Q

Mammary gland (blue domed) cyst

A

Fibrocystic change of the breast

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201
Q

Monoclonal antibody spike

A

Multiple myeloma (usually IgG or IgA). Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS consequence of aging). Waldenstrom (M protein=IgM) macroglobulinemia. Primary amloidosis.

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202
Q

Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus

A

Signet ring (gastric carcinoma)

203
Q

narrowing of bowel lumen on barium x-ray

A

String sign (Crohn disease)

204
Q

Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis

A

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegner, PR3-ANCA/ c-ANCA) and Goodpasture syndrome (anti-basement membrane antibodies)

205
Q

Needle shaped, negatively birefringent crystals

A

Gout (monosodium urate crystals)

206
Q

Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli

A

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)

207
Q

Novobiocin senstive

A

S. epidermidis

208
Q

Novobiocin resistant

A

S. saprphyticus

209
Q

Nutmeg appearance of liver

A

Chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure or Budd Chiari syndrome.

210
Q

onion skin periosteal reaction

A

Ewing sarcoma (malignant small blue cell tumor)

211
Q

Optochin sensitive

A

S. pneumoniae

212
Q

Optochin resistant

A

viridans streptococci (S mutans and S sanguis)

213
Q

Periosteum raised from bone, creating a triangular area

A

Codman triangle on x-ray, Ewing sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis.

214
Q

Podocyte fusion or effacement on electron microscopy

A

Minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome).

215
Q

Polished, ivory like appearance of the bone at cartilage erosion

A

Eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis)

216
Q

Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of tau protein

A

Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer disease) and Pick bodies (Pick disease)

217
Q

Psammoma bodies

A

Meningiomas, papillary thyroid carcinoma, mesothelioma, papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium and ovary.

218
Q

Pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy

A

Glioblastoma multiforme

219
Q

RBC casts in urine

A

Glomerulonephritis

220
Q

Rectangular, crystal like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells

A

Rinke crystals (ledig cell tumor)

221
Q

Recurrent infections, eczema, thrombocytopenia

A

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

222
Q

Renal epithelial casts in urine

A

Intrinsic renal failure (eg ischemia or toxic injury)

223
Q

Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent

A

Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals)

224
Q

Rib notching

A

Coarctation of the aorta

225
Q

Ring enhancing brain lesion in AIDS

A

Toxoplasma gondii, CNS lymphoma

226
Q

Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells with scattered pale, tingible body laden macrophages (starry sky histology)

A

Burkett lymphoma (t[8:14] c-myc activation, associated with EBV. The starry sky is made up of malignant cells).

227
Q

Silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons

A

Pick bodies (Pick disease is a progressive dementia, changes in personality).

228
Q

Soap bubble is femur or tibia on x-ray

A

Giant cell tumor of bone (generally benign)

229
Q

Spikes o basement membrane, dome like subepithelial deposits

A

Membranous nephropathy (nephrotic syndrome)

230
Q

Stacks of RBCs

A

Rouleaux formation (high ESR, multiple myeloma)

231
Q

Steeple sign on CXR

A

Croup (parainfluenza virus)

232
Q

Stippled vaginal epithelial cells

A

Clue cells (Gardnerella vaginalis)

233
Q

Streptococcus bovis bacteremia

A

Colon cancer

234
Q

Tennis racket shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells

A

Birbeck granules (Langerhans cell histiocytosis)

235
Q

Thousands of polyps on colonoscopy

A

Familial adenomatous polyposis (autosomal dominant, mutation of APC gene)

236
Q

Thrombi made of white/red layers

A

Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)

237
Q

Thumb sign on lateral neck x-ray

A

Epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenzae)

238
Q

Thyroid like appearance of the kidney

A

Chronic pyelonephritis (usually due to recurrent infections

239
Q

Tram-track appearance of capillary loops of glomerular basement membranes on light microscopy

A

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

240
Q

Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles

A

Fatty liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)

241
Q

Waxy casts with very low urine flow

A

Chronic end stage renal disease

242
Q

WBC casts in urine

A

Acute pyelonephritis

243
Q

WBCs that look smudged

A

CLL (almost always B cell)

244
Q

Wire loop glomerular capillary appearance on light microscopy

A

Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (usually seen with lupus)

245
Q

Yellowish CSF

A

Xanthochromia (eg due to subarachnoid hemorrhage)

246
Q

Treatment of absence seizures

A

Ethosuximide

247
Q

Treatment of acute gout attack

A

NSAIDs, colchicine, glucocorticoids

248
Q

Treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3)

A

All-trans retinoic acid

249
Q

Treatment of ADHD

A

Methylphenidate, CBT, atomoxetine

250
Q

Treatment of alcoholism

A

Disulfiram, acamprosate, naltrexone, supportive care

251
Q

Treatment of alcohol withdrawal

A

Long-acting benzodiazepines

252
Q

Treatment of anorexia

A

Nutrition, psychotherapy, mirtazapine

253
Q

Treatment of anticoagulation during pregnancy

A

Heparin

254
Q

Treatment of arrhythmia in damaged cardiac tissue

A

Class IB antiarrhythmic (lidocaine, mexiletine)

255
Q

Treatment of B12 deficiency

A

Vitamin B12 supplementation (work up cause with Schilling test)

256
Q

Treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

alpha 1 antagonists, 5 alpha reductase inhibitors, PDE-5 inhibitors.

257
Q

Treatment of bipolar disorder

A

Mood stabilizers (eg lithium, valproic acid, carbamazepine), atypical antipsychotics.

258
Q

Treatment of breast cancer in postmenopausal woman

A

Aromatase inhibitor (anastrozole)

259
Q

Treatment of buerger disease

A

Smoking cessation

260
Q

Treatment of bulimia nervosa

A

SSRIs

261
Q

Treatment of candida albicans

A

Topical azoles (vaginitis); nystain, fluconazole, caspofungin (oral/esophageal); fluconazole, caspofungin, amphotericin B (systemic).

262
Q

Treatment of carcinoid syndrome

A

Octreotide

263
Q

Treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis

A

Doxycycline (+ ceftriaxone for gonorrhea coinfection), erthromycin eye drops (prophylaxis in infants).

264
Q

Treatment of chronic gout

A

Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (eg allopurinol, febuxostat)

265
Q

Treatment of chronic hepatitis B or C

A

INF-alpha (HBV and HCV); ribavirin, simeprevir, sofosbuvir (HCV)

266
Q

Treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia

A

Imatinib

267
Q

Treatment of Clostridium botulinum

A

Antitoxin

268
Q

Treatment of CMV

A

ganciclovir, foscarnet, cidofovir

269
Q

Treatment of Crohn disease

A

Corticosteroids, infliximab, azathioprine

270
Q

Treatment of Clostridium difficile

A

Oral metronidazole; if refractory, oral vancomycin

271
Q

Treatment of Clostridium tetani

A

Antitoxin

272
Q

Treatment of Cryptococcus neoformans

A

Fluconazole (in AIDS patients)

273
Q

Treatment of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis

A

Mesna

274
Q

Treatment of depression

A

SSRIs (first line)

275
Q

Treatment of diabetes insipidus

A

Desmopressin (central); hydrochlorothiazide, indomethacin, amiloride (nephrogenic)

276
Q

Treatment of diabetes mellitus type 1

A

Dietary intervention (low carbohydrate) + insulin replacement.

277
Q

Treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2

A

Dietary intervention, oral hypoglycemics, and insulin (if refractory)

278
Q

Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis

A

Fluids, insulin, K

279
Q

Treatment of enterococci

A

Vancomycin, aminopenicillins/cephalosporins

280
Q

Treatment of erectile dysfunction

A

Sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil

281
Q

Treatment of ER positive breast cancer

A

Tamoxifen

282
Q

Treatment of ethylene glycol/methanol intoxication

A

Fomepizole (alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor)

283
Q

Treatment of Haemophilus influenzae (B)

A

Rifampin (prophylaxis)

284
Q

Treatment of generalized anxiety disorder

A

SSRIs, SNRIs first line); Buspirone (second line)

285
Q

Treatment of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener)

A

Cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids

286
Q

Treatment of heparin reversal

A

Protamine sulfate

287
Q

Treatment of HER2/neu positive breast cancer

A

Trastuzumab

288
Q

Treatment of hyperaldosteronism

A

Spironolactone

289
Q

Treatment of hypercholesterolemia

A

Statin (first line)

290
Q

Treatment of hypertriglyceridemia

A

Fibrate

291
Q

Treatment of immediate anticoagulation

A

Heparin

292
Q

Treatment of infertility

A

Leuprolide, GnRH (pulsatile), clomiphene

293
Q

Treatment of influenza

A

Oseltamivir, zanamivir

294
Q

Treatment of Kawasaki disease

A

IVIG, high dose aspirin

295
Q

Treatment of Legionella pneumophila

A

Macrolides (eg azithromycin)

296
Q

Treatment of long term anticoagulation

A

Warfarin, dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban.

297
Q

Treatment of malaria

A

Chloroquine, mefloquine, atovaquone/proguanil (for blood schizont), primaquine (for liver hypnozoite)

298
Q

Treatment of malignant hyperthermia

A

Dantrolene

299
Q

Treatment of medical abortion

A

Mifepristone

300
Q

Treatment of migraine

A

Abortive therapies (eg sumatriptan, NSAIDs); prophylaxis (eg propranolol, topiramate, CCBs, amitriptyline)

301
Q

Treatment of multiple sclerosis

A

Disease modifying therapies (eg beta interferon, natalizumab); for acute flares, use IV steroids.

302
Q

Treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

RIPE (rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol)

303
Q

Treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

Ceftriaxone (add doxycycline to cover likely concurrent C. trachomatis).

304
Q

Treatment of Neisseria meningitidis

A

Penicillin/ceftriaxone, rifampin (prophylaxis)

305
Q

Prevention of neural tube defect

A

Prenatal folic acid

306
Q

Treatment of osteomalacia/rickets

A

Vitamin D supplementation

307
Q

Treatment of osteoporosis

A

Calcium/vitamin D supplementation (prophylaxis); bisphosphonates, PTH analogs, SERMs, calcitonin, denosumab (treatment)

308
Q

Treatment of patent ductus arteriosus

A

Close with indomethacin; keep open with PGE analogs

309
Q

Treatment of pheochromocytoma

A

alpha antagonists (eg phenoxybenzamine)

310
Q

Treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii

A

TMP-SMX (prophylaxis in AIDS patients)

311
Q

Treatment of prolactinoma

A

Cabergoline/bromocriptine (dopamine agonists)

312
Q

Treatment of prostate adenocarcinoma/uterine fibroids

A

Leuprolide, GnRH (continuous)

313
Q

Treatment of prostate adenocarcinoma

A

Flutamide

314
Q

Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Antipseudomonal penicillins, aminoglycosides, and carbapenems

315
Q

Treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (idiopathic)

A

Sildenafil, bosentan, epoprostenol

316
Q

Treatment of Rickettsia rickettsii

A

Doxycycline, chloramphenicol

317
Q

Treatment of schizophrenia (negative symptoms)

A

Atypical antipsychotics

318
Q

Treatment of schizophrenia (positive symptoms)

A

Typical and atypical antipsychotics

319
Q

Treatment of SIADH

A

Fluid restriction, IV hypertonic saline, conivaptan/tolvaptan, demeclocycline.

320
Q

Treatment of sickle cell disease

A

Hydroxyurea (increase in fetal hemoglobin)

321
Q

Treatment of Sporothrix schenckii

A

Itraconazole, oral potassium iodide

322
Q

Treatment of stable angina

A

Sublingual nitroglycerin

323
Q

Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus

A

MSSA: nafcillin, oxacillin, decloxacillin (antistaphlyococcal penicillins); MRSA: vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, and ceftaroline

324
Q

Treatment of Streptococcus bovis

A

Penicillin prophylaxis; evaluation for colon cancer if linked to endocarditis

325
Q

Treatment of Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Penicillin/cephalosporin (systemic infection, pneumonia), vancomycin (meningitis)

326
Q

Treatment of Streptococcus pyogenes

A

Penicillin prophylaxis

327
Q

Treatment of temporal arteritis

A

High-dose steroids

328
Q

Treatment of tonic-clonic seizures

A

Levetiracetam, phenytoin, valporate, carbamazepine

329
Q

Treatment of Toxoplasma gondii

A

Sulfadiazine plus pyrimethamine

330
Q

Treatment of Treponema pallidum

A

Penicillin

331
Q

Treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux)

A

Carbamazepine

332
Q

Treatment of ulcerative colitis

A

5-ASA preparations (eg mesalamine), 6-mercaptopurine, infliximab, colectomy

333
Q

Treatment of UTI prophylaxis

A

TMP-SMX

334
Q

Treatment for warfarin reversal

A

Fresh frozen plasma (acute), vitamin K (chronic)

335
Q

Most common cause of actinic (solar) keratosis

A

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

336
Q

Most common cause of acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing ulcer (increased intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H secretion)

337
Q

Most common cause of acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

338
Q

Most common cause of alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

Skip lesions (Crohn disease)

339
Q

Most common cause of aortic aneurysm, abdominal

A

Atherosclerosis

340
Q

Most common cause of aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch

A

Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction.

341
Q

Most common cause of aortic aneurysm, thoracic

A

Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

342
Q

Most common cause of aortic dissection

A

Hypertension

343
Q

Most common cause of atrophy of the mammillary bodies

A

Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia and confusion)

344
Q

Most common cause of autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

Sickle cell disease (hemoglobin S)

345
Q

Most common cause of bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and stomach cancer

A

H. pylori

346
Q

Most common cause of bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

S. pneumoniae

347
Q

Most common cause of bacterial meningitis (newborns and elderly)

A

Group B streptococcus/ E coli (newborns). S pneumoniae/ N meningitidis (kids/teens)

348
Q

Most common cause of bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma

A

Krukenberg tumor (mucin secreting signet ring cells)

349
Q

Most common cause of a bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency

A

Bernard Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)

350
Q

Most common cause of brain tumor in adults

A

Supratentorial tumors includes metastasis, astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma.

351
Q

Most common cause of brain tumor in children

A

Infratentorial tumors include medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial tumors include craniopharyngioma.

352
Q

Most common cause of breast cancer

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma

353
Q

Most common cause of breast mass

A

Fibrocystic change and carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)

354
Q

Most common cause of breast tumor (benign)

A

Fibroadenoma

355
Q

Most common cause of cardiac primary tumors in kids

A

Rhabdomyoma, it is often seen in tuberous sclerosis

356
Q

Most common cause of cardiac manifestation of lupus

A

Marantic/thrombotic endocarditis (nonbacterial)

357
Q

Most common cause of cardiac tumor in adults

A

Metastasis, myxoma (90% in left atrium; ball and valve)

358
Q

Most common cause of cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari II malformation

359
Q

Most common cause of chronic arrhythmia

A

Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)

360
Q

Most common cause of chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

361
Q

Most common cause of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

362
Q

Most common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia with hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

363
Q

Most common cause of congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

364
Q

Most common cause of congenital conjugated hyerbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

365
Q

Most common cause of constrictive pericarditis

A

TB (developing world); idiopathic, viral illness (developed world).

366
Q

Most common cause of coronary artery involved in thrombosis

A

LAD is more common than RCA, which is more common than the circumflex of the LCA.

367
Q

Most common cause of cretinism

A

Iodine deficit/ congenital hypothyroidism

368
Q

Most common cause of Cushing syndrome

A

Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy), adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol), ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease), paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors).

369
Q

Most common cause of cyanosis (early in life, less common)

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus

370
Q

Most common cause of cyanosis (later in life, more common)

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

371
Q

Most common cause of death in CML

A

Blast crisis

372
Q

Most common cause of death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

373
Q

Most common cause of dementia

A

Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)

374
Q

Most common cause of demyelinating disease in young women

A

Multiple sclerosis

375
Q

Most common cause of DIC

A

Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns. trauma, major surgery.

376
Q

Most common dietary deficit

A

Iron

377
Q

Most common cause of diverticulum in the pharynx

A

Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

378
Q

Most common cause of ejection click

A

Aortic stenosis

379
Q

Most common cause of esophageal cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (US)

380
Q

Most common cause of food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

A

S. aureus, B cereus

381
Q

Most common cause of glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)

382
Q

Most common cause of gynecologic malignancy

A

Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)

383
Q

Most common cause of congenital heart murmur

A

mitral valve prolapse

384
Q

Most common heart valve effected in bacterial endocarditis

A

Mitral valve is more common than the aortic valve (rheumatic fever, tricuspid (IV drug abuse)

385
Q

Most common cause of helminth infection (US)

A

Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides

386
Q

Most common cause of epidermal hematoma

A

Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)

387
Q

Most common cause of subdural hematoma

A

rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)

388
Q

Most common cause of hemochromatosis

A

Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in heart failure, bronze diabetes, and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma).

389
Q

Most common cause of hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)

390
Q

Most common cause of hereditary bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand disease

391
Q

Most common cause of hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

392
Q

Most common diseases with HLA-B27 association

A

Ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, ulcerative colitis, psoriatic arthritis.

393
Q

Most common diseases with HLA-DR3 association

A

Diabetes mellitus type 1, SLE, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis

394
Q

Most common diseases with HLA-DR4 association

A

Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis

395
Q

Most common cause of holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation

396
Q

Most common cause of hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

A

Virchow triad (increased risk of thrombosis)

397
Q

Most common cause of secondary hypertension

A

renal disease

398
Q

Most common cause of hypoparathyroidism

A

Accidental excision during thyroidectomy

399
Q

Most common cause of hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)

400
Q

Most common cause of infection secondary to blood transfusion

A

Hepatitis C

401
Q

Most common cause of infection in chronic granulomatous disease

A

S. aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase positive)

402
Q

Most common cause of intellectual disability

A

Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome

403
Q

Most common cause of radiopaque kidney stones

A

Calcium. Struvite (ammonium), formed by urease positive organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus species, and S saprophyticus)

404
Q

Most common cause of radiolucent kidney stones

A

Uric acid

405
Q

Most common cause of late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)

A

Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA, results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)

406
Q

Most common cause of liver disease

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis

407
Q

Most common cause of lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher disease

408
Q

Most common cause of male cancer

A

prostatic carcinoma

409
Q

Most common cause of malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

410
Q

Most common cause of malignancy in kids

A

ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

411
Q

Most common cause of metastases to bone

A

Prostate and breast are more likely than lung, which is more likely than the thyroid

412
Q

Most common cause of metastases to the brain

A

Lung is more likely than breast, which is more likely than genitourinary, which is more likely than melanoma, which is more likely than GI

413
Q

Most common cause of metastases to liver

A

Colon is much more likely than both stomach and pancreas

414
Q

Most common diseases with mitochondrial inheritance

A

Diseases occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only.

415
Q

Most common cause of mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

416
Q

Most common cause of mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

417
Q

Most common cause of myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B

418
Q

Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

419
Q

Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in kids

A

Minimal change disease

420
Q

Most common cause of neuron migration failure

A

Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia

421
Q

Most common cause of nosocomial pneumonia

A

S. aureus, Pseudomonas, other enteric gram-negative rods

422
Q

Most common cause of obstruction of male urinary tract

A

BPH

423
Q

Most common cause of opening snap

A

Mitral stenosis

424
Q

Most common cause of opportunistic infection in AIDS

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

425
Q

Most common cause of osteomyelitis

A

S. aureus (most common overall)

426
Q

Most common cause of osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

Salmonella

427
Q

Most common cause of osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas, Candida, S aureus

428
Q

Most common cause of ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

Serous cystadenoma

429
Q

Most common cause of ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

430
Q

Most common cause of pancreatitis (acute)

A

Gallstones and alcohol

431
Q

Most common cause of pancreatitis (chronic)

A

Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)

432
Q

Most common patient with ALL

A

child

433
Q

Most common patient with CLL

A

adults over 60

434
Q

Most common patient with AML

A

adults around 65

435
Q

Most common patient with CML

A

adults 45-85

436
Q

Most common cause of pelvic inflammatory disease

A

C. trachomatis, N gonorrhoeae

437
Q

Most common cause of Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (BCR-ABL)

A

CML (it can also be associated with ALL/AML)

438
Q

Most common cause of pituitary tumor

A

Prolactinoma, somatotropic adenoma

439
Q

Most common cause of primary amenorrhea

A

Tuner syndrome (45, XO).

440
Q

Most common cause of primary bone tumor (adults)

A

Multiple myeloma

441
Q

Most common cause of primary hyperparaldosteronism

A

Adenoma of adrenal cortex

442
Q

Most common cause of primary liver cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson disease.

443
Q

Most common cause of pulmonary hypertension

A

COPD

444
Q

Most common cause of recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

A

Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)

445
Q

Most common cause of renal tumor

A

Renal cell carcinoma is associated with von Hippel Lindau and cigarette smoking, paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTHrP, ACTH)

446
Q

Most common cause of right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause

A

Cor pulmonale

447
Q

Most common cause of S3 heart sound

A

Increase in ventricular filling pressure (eg mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles.

448
Q

Most common cause of S4 heart sound

A

Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

449
Q

Most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

450
Q

Most common cause of sexually transmitted disease

A

C. trachomatis (usually coinfected with N gonorrhoeae)

451
Q

Most common cause of SIADH

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

452
Q

Most common site of diverticula

A

Sigmoid colon

453
Q

Most common cause of atherosclerosis

A

Abdominal aorta is the most common, followed by coronary artery, followed by popliteal artery, and carotid artery.

454
Q

Most common cause of stomach cancer

A

adenocarcinoma

455
Q

Most common cause of stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)

456
Q

Most common cause of cancer with t(14; 18)

A

Follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)

457
Q

Most common cause of cancer with t(8; 14)

A

Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene)

458
Q

Most common cause of cancer with t(9; 22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL activation, tyrosine kinase oncogene)

459
Q

Sequela of temporal arteritis

A

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

460
Q

Most common cause of testicular tumor

A

Seminoma (malignant and radiosensitive)

461
Q

Most common cause of thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma

462
Q

Most common tumor in women

A

Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

463
Q

Most common tumor in infancy

A

Strawberry hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood).

464
Q

Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults

A

Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

465
Q

Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in kids

A

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

466
Q

Most common type of Hodgkin lymphoma

A

Nodular sclerosing (vs mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

467
Q

Most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma

468
Q

Most common cause of UTI

A

E coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)

469
Q

Most common cause of vertebral compression fracture

A

Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)

470
Q

Most common cause of viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

A

HSV-1

471
Q

Most common vitamin deficiency (US)

A

Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3 to 4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects.

472
Q

Equation for sensitivity

A

Sensitivity=TP/ (TP+FN)

473
Q

Equation for specificity

A

Specificity=TN/(TN+FP)

474
Q

Equation for positive predictive value

A

PPV=TP/(TP+FP)

475
Q

Equation for negative predictive value

A

NPV=TN/(FN+TN)

476
Q

Odds ratio (for case control studies)

A

OR=(a/c)/(b/d)

477
Q

Relative risk

A

RR=[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)

478
Q

Attributable risk

A

AR= a/(a+b)- c(c+d)

479
Q

Relative risk reduction

A

RRR=1-RR

480
Q

Absolute risk reduction

A

ARR=c/(c+d)-a/(a+b)

481
Q

Number needed to treat

A

NNT=1/absolute risk reduction

482
Q

Number needed to harm

A

NNH=1/attributable risk

483
Q

Hardy-Weinberg

A

p2+2pq+q2=1. p+q=1

484
Q

Volume of distribution

A

Vd=amount of drug in the body/plasma drug concentration

485
Q

Half-life

A

t1/2=0.693 x Vd/ CL

486
Q

Drug clearance

A

CL=rate of elimination of drug/plasma drug concentration=Vd x Ke (elimination constant)

487
Q

Loading dose

A

LD=Cp x Vd/F

488
Q

Maintenance dose

A

D=Cp x CL x tau/F

489
Q

Cardiac output

A

CO=rate of O2 consumption/ (arterial O2 content-venous O2 content). CO=stroke volume x heart rate.

490
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

MAP= cardiac output x total peripheral resistance. MAP=2/3 diastolic +1/3 systolic

491
Q

Stroke volume

A

SV=EDV-ESV

492
Q

Ejection fraction

A

EF=SV/EDV=(EDV-ESV)/EDV

493
Q

Resistance

A

resistance=driving pressure (delta P)/flow (Q)=8n(viscosity) x length/Pir4.

494
Q

Capillary fluid exchange

A

Jv=net fluid flow= Kf(Pc-Pi)-epsilon(Pic-Pii).

495
Q

Renal clearance

A

Cx=Ux x V/Px

496
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

GFR= Uinsulin x V/Pinsulin=Cinsulin. GFR=Kf[(Pgc-Pbs)-(Pigc- Pibs)]

497
Q

Effective renal plasma flow

A

eRPF=Upah x V/Ppah=Cpah

498
Q

Renal blod flow

A

RBF=RPF/(1-Hct)

499
Q

Filtration fraction

A

FF=GFR/RPF

500
Q

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation (for extraceullar pH)

A

pH = 6.1 + log [HCO3-]/[0.03xPCO2]

501
Q

Winters formula

A

Pco2 = 1.5 [HCO3-] + 8 ± 2

502
Q

Physiologic dead space

A

Vd=Vt x (PaCO2-PECO2)/PaCO2

503
Q

Pulmonary vascular resistance

A

PVR= (Ppulm artery - PLatrium)/cardiac output

504
Q

Alveolar gas equation

A

PAO2=PIO2-PaCO2/R

Step 1 boards (17 decks)

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