Classic presentations Flashcards
1
Q
Abdominal pain, ascites, and hepatomegaly
A
Budd-Chiari syndrome (posthepatic venous thrombosis)
2
Q
Abdominal pain, diarrhea, leukocytosis, recent antibiotic use
A
Clostridium difficle infection.
3
Q
Achilles tendon xanthoma
A
Familial hypercholesterolemia (decreased LDL receptor signaling)
4
Q
Adrenal hemorrhage, hypotension, and DIC
A
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (meningococcemia)
5
Q
Anaphylaxis following blood transfusion
A
IgA deficiency
6
Q
Anterior drawer sign
A
Anterior cruciate ligament injury
7
Q
Arachnodactyly, lens dislocation, aortic dissection, hyperflexible joints
A
Marfan syndrome (fibrillin defect)
8
Q
Athlete with polycythemia
A
Secondary to erythropoietin injection.
9
Q
Back pain, fever, and night sweats
A
Pott disease (vertebral TB).
10
Q
Bilateral acoustic schwannomas
A
Neurofibromatosis type 2
11
Q
Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis
A
Sarcoidosis (noncaseating granulomas)
12
Q
Black eschar on face of patient with diabetic ketoacidosis
A
Mucor or Rhizopus fungal infection.
13
Q
Blue sclera
A
Osteogenesis imperfecta (type I collagen defect)
14
Q
Bluish line on gingiva
A
Burton line (lead poisoning)
15
Q
Bone pain, bone enlargement, and arthritis
A
Paget disease of bone (increased osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity).
16
Q
Bounding pulses, diastolic heart murmur, head bobbing
A
Aortic regurgitation
17
Q
Butterfly facial rash and Raynaud phenomenon in a young female
A
SLE
18
Q
Cafe-au-lait spots, Lisch nodules (iris hemartoma), cutaneous neurofibromas, pheochromocytoma, and optic gliomas
A
Neurofibromatosis type 1, pheochromocytoma, optic gliomas.
19
Q
Cafe-au-lait spots (unilateral), polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, multiple endocrine abnormalities
A
McCune-Albright syndrome (mosaic G-protein signaling mutation).
20
Q
Calf pseudohypertrophy
A
Muscular dystrophy (most commonly Duchenne due to x-linked recessive frameshift mutation of dystrophin gene).
21
Q
Cervical lymphadenopathy, desquamating rash, coronary aneurysms, red conjunctivae and tongue
A
Kawasaki disease (treat with IVIG and aspirin)
22
Q
Cherry red spots on macula
A
Tay-Sachs (ganglioside accumulation) or Niemann Pick (sphingomyelin accumulation), central retinal artery occlusion
23
Q
Chest pain on exertion
A
Angina (stable if it occurs with moderate exertion; untable with minimal exertion or at rest.
24
Q
Chest pain, pericardial effusion/friction rub, persistent fever following MI
A
Dressler syndrome (autoimmune mediated post-MI fibrinous pericarditis, 2-12 weeks after an acute episode).
25
Chest pain with ST depressions on EKG
unstable angina (troponin is negative) or NSTEMI (troponin is positive).
26
Child uses arms to stand up from a squat
Gowers sign (Duchenne muscular dystrophy)
27
Child with fever later develops red rash on face that spreads to body
Slapped checks (erthema infectiosum/ fifth disease, parvovirus B19).
28
Chorea, dementia, caudate degeneration
Huntington disease (autosomal dominant CAG repeat expansion).
29
Chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications
Congenital toxoplasmosis
30
Chronic exercise intolerance with myalgia, fatigue, painful cramps, myoglobinuria
McArdle disease (skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency).
31
Cold intolerance
Hypothyroidism
32
Conjugate horizontal gaze palsy, horizontal diplopia
Intermuclear ophthalmoplegia (damage to MLF, it may be unilateral or bilateral).
33
Continuous machine like murmur
PDA (close with indomethacin, maintain open with PGE analogs)
34
Cutaneous/dermal edema due to connective tissue deposition
Myxedema (caused by hypothyroidism, Graves disease [pretibial]).
35
Cutaneous flushing, diarrhea, and bronchospasm
Carcinoid syndrome (right sided cardiac valvular lesions, increased 5-HIAA).
36
Dark purple skin/mouth nodules in a patient with AIDS
Kaposi sarcoma, it is associated with HHV-8
37
Deep, labored breathing/hyperventilation
Kussmaul respirations (diabetic ketoacidosis).
38
Dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea
Pellagra (niacin [vitamin B3] deficiency)
39
Dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, alcoholism or malnutrition
Wet beriberi (thiamine [vitamin B1] deficiency)
40
Dog or cat bite resulting in infection
Pasteurella multocida (cellulitis at inoculation site)
41
Dry eyes, dry mouth, and arthritis
Sjogren syndrome (autoimmune destruction of exocrine glands)
42
Dysphagia (esophageal webs), glossitis, iron deficiency
Plummer-Vinson syndrome (may progress to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma).
43
Elastic skin, hypemobility of joints, and increased bleeding tendency
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (type V collagen defect, type III collagen defect seen in vascular subtype of ED).
44
Enlarged, hard left supraclavicular node
Virchow node (abdominal metastasis)
45
Episodic vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss
Meniere disease
46
Erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, atypical T cells.
Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) or Sezary syndrome (mycosis fungoides plus malignant T cells in blood).
47
Facial muscle spasm upon tagging
Chvostek sign (hypocalcemia)
48
Fat, female, forty, and fertile
Choelithiasis (gallstones)
49
Fever, chill, headache, myalgia following antibiotic treatment for syphilis
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (rapid lysis of spirochetes results in endotoxin release).
50
Fever, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, diffuse rash
Measles
51
Fever, night sweats, weight loss
B symptoms (staging) of lymphoma.
52
Fibrous plaques in soft tissue of penis with abnormal curvature
Peyronic disease (connective tissue disorder)
53
Golden brown rings around peripheral cornea
Kayser-Fleischer rings (copper accumulation from Wilson disease).
54
Gout, intellectual disability, self mutilating behavior in a boy
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, x-linked recessive).
55
Hartomatous GI polyps, hyperpigmentation of mouth/ feet/ hands/ genitalia
Peutz Jeghers syndrome (inherited, benign polyposis can cause bowel obstruction). There is also an increase risk of cancer, mostly GI.
56
Hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, osteoporosis, aseptic necrosis of femur, and bone crisis
Gaucher disease (glucocerbrosidase deficiency).
57
Hereditary nephritis, sensorineural hearing loss, cataracts
Alport syndrome (mutation in collagen IV)
58
Hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyperdocility
Kluver Bucy syndrome (bilateral amygdala lesion)
59
Hyperreflexia, hypertonis, Babinski sign is present
UMN damage
60
Hyporeflexia, hypotonia, atrophy, fasciculations
LMN damage
61
Hypoxemia, polycythemia, hypercapnia
Blue bloater (chronic bronchitis, hyperplasia, of mucous cells)
62
Nonpainful, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
Primary syphilis, Treponemia pallidum.
63
Painful, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion with exudate
Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
64
Infant with cherry red spot on macula, hepatosplenomegaly, and neurodegeneration
Niemann Pick disease (genetic sphingomyelinase deficiency)
65
Infant with cleft lip/palate, microcephaly or holoprosencephaly, polydactly, cutis aplasia.
Patau syndrome (trisomy 13)
66
Infant with hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly
Cori disease (debranching enzyme deficiency) or Von Gierke disease (glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency, more severe)
67
Infant with microcephaly, rocker bottom feet, clenched hands, and structural heart defect
Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18)
68
Jaundice, palpable distended non-tender gallbladder
Courvoisier sign (distal obstruction of the biliary tree)
69
Large rash with bull's appearance
Erythema chronicum migrans from Ixodes tick bite (lyme disease is cause by Borrelia).
70
Lucid interval after traumatic brain injury
Epidural hematoma (middle meningeal artery rupture)
71
Male child, recurrent infections, no mature B cells
Bruton disease (x-linked agammaglobulinema)
72
Mucosal bleeding and prolonged bleeding time
Glanzmann thrombasthenia (defect in platelet aggregation due to lack of GpIIb/IIIa).
73
Muffled heart sounds, distended neck veins, hypotension
Beck triad of cardiac tamponade.
74
Multiple colon polyps, osteomas/soft tissue tumors, impacted/supernumeray teeth
Gardner syndrome (subtype of FAP)
75
Myopathy (infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), exercise intolerance
Pompe disease (lysosomal alpha-1, 4 glucosidase deficiency).
76
Neonate with arm paralysis following a difficult birth
Erb-Duchenne palsy (superior trunk [C5-C6] brachial plexus injury, waiter's tip)
77
No lactation postpartum, absent menstruation, cold intolerance
Sheehan syndrome (pituitary infarction)
78
Nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech, bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia
Multiple sclerosis
79
Painful blue fingers/ toes, hemolytic anemia
Cold agglutinin disease (autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infectious mononucleosis, CLL)
80
Painful finger/toes changing color from blue to white to red
Raynaud phenomenon (vasospasm in extremities)
81
Painful raised red lesions on pads of fingers/toes
Osler nodes (infective endocarditis, immune complexes deposition).
82
Painless erythematous lesions on palms and soles
Janeway lesions (infective endocarditis, septic emboli/ microabscesses)
83
Painless jaundice
Cancer of the pancreatic head obstructing bile duct
84
Palpable purpura on buttocks/legs, joint pain, abdominal pain child), hematuria
Henoch-Schonlein purpura (IgA vasculitis affecting skin and kidneys)
85
Pancreatic, pituitary, parathyroid tumors
MEN 1 (autosomal dominant)
86
Periorbital and/or peripheral edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia
Nephrotic syndrome
87
Pink complexion, dyspnea, hyperventilation
Pink puffer (emphysema) Centriacinar is caused by smoking, while panacinar is caused by alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency.
88
Polyuria, renal tubular acidosis type II, growth failure, electrolyte imbalance, hypophosphatemic rickets
Fanconi syndrome (multiple combined dysfunction of the proximal convoluted tubule).
89
Pruritic, purple, polygonal planar papules and plaques (6 P's)
Lichen planus.
90
Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis
Horner syndrome (sympathetic chain lesion)
91
Pupil accommodates but doesn't react
Argyll Robertson pupil (neurosyphilis).
92
Rapidly progressive limb weakness that ascends following GI/URI
Guillain Barre syndrome (acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculpathy subtype.
93
Rash on palms and soles
Coxsackie A, secondary syphilis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever
94
Recurrent cold (noninflamed) abscesses, unusual eczema, high serum IgE
Hyper-IgE syndrome (Job syndrome, neutrophil chemotaxis abnormalities).
95
Red currant jelly sputum in alcoholic or diabetic patients
Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia
96
Red current jelly stools
Acute mesenteric ischemia (adults), intussusception (children).
97
Red, itchy, swollen rash of nipple/areola
Paget disease of the breast (sign of underlying neoplasm)
98
Red urine in the morning, fragile RBCs
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
99
Renal cell carcinoma (bilateral), hemangioblastomas, angiomatosis, pheochromocytoma
von Hippel Lindau disease (dominant tumor suppressor gene mutation)
100
Resting tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability, shuffling gait
Parkinson disease (loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta.
101
Retinal hemorrhages with pale centers
Roth spots (bacterial endocarditis)
102
Severe jaundice in neonate
Crigler-Najjar syndrome (congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
103
Severe RLQ pain with palpation of LLQ
Rovsing sign (acute appendicitis)
104
Severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness
McBurney sign (acute appendicitis)
105
Short stature, cafe au lait spots, thumb/ radial defects, increased incidence of tumors/ leukemia, aplastic anemia
Fanconi anemia (genetic loss of DNA cross linked repair, often progresses to AML).
106
Single palmar crease
Down syndrome
107
Situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, and infertility
Kartagener syndrome (dynein arm defect affecting cilia)
108
Skin hyperpigmentation, hypotension, and fatigue
Primary adrenocortical insufficiency (eg Addison disease) causes an increase in ACTH and an increase in alpha-MSH production).
109
Slow, progressive muscle weakness in boys
Becker muscular dystrophy (x-linked missense mutation in dystrophin; it is less severe than Duchenne).
110
Small, irregular red spots on buccal/lingual mucosa with blue-white centers
Koplik spots (measles and rubeola virus)
111
Smooth, moist, painless, wart-like white lesions on genitals
Condylomata lata (secondary syphilis).
112
Splinter hemorrhages in fingernails
Bacterial endocarditis
113
Strawberry tongue
Scarlet fever, Kawaski disease
114
Streak ovaries, congenital heart disease, horseshoe kidney, cystic hygroma at birth, short stature, webbed neck, and lymphedema
Turner syndrome (45, XO)
115
Sudden swollen/painful big toe joint, tophi
Gout/podagra (hyperuricemia)
116
Swollen gums, mucosal bleeding, poor wound healing, petechiae
Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency, preventing hydroxylate proline/lysine for collagen synthesis)
117
Swollen, hard, painful finger joints
Osteoarthritis (osteophytes on PIP [Bouchard nodes], DIP [Heberden nodes].
118
Systolic ejection murmur (crescendo-decrescendo)
Aortic stenosis
119
Telangiectasias, recurrent epistaxis, skin discoloration, arteriovenous malformations, GI bleeding hematuria
Osler-Weber Rendu syndrome
120
Thyroid and parathyroid tumors, pheochromocytoma
MEN 2A (autosomal dominant RET mutation)
121
Thyroid tumor, pheochromocytoma, ganglioneuromatosis
MEN 2B (autosomal dominant RET mutation).
122
Toe extension/fanning upon plantar scrape
Babinski sign (UMN lesion)
123
Unilateral facial drooping involving forehead
LMN facial nerve (CN VII) palsy; UMN lesions spare the forehead.
124
Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis in a male
Reactive arthritis associated with HLA-B27.
125
Vascular birthmark (port wine stain) of the face
Nevus flammeus (benign, but associated with Sturge Weber syndrome)
126
Vomiting blood following gastroesophageal lacerations
Mallory-Weiss syndrome (alcoholic and bulimic patients)
127
Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever adenopathy
Whipple disease (Tropheryma whippei)
128
Worst headache of my life
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
129
Anticentromere antibodies
Scleroderma (CREST)
130
Anti-desmoglein (epithelial) antibodies
Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)
131
Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
Goodpasture syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)
132
Antihistone antibodies
Drug induced SLE (eg hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide)
133
Anti-IgG antibodies
Rheumatoid arthritis (systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonniere deformity)
134
Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)
Primary biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)
135
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)
Microscopic polyangiitis and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg Strauss syndrome) (MPO-ANCA/ p-ANCA); granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener; PR3-ANCA/ c-ANCA
136
Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs: anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA)
SLE (type III hypersensitivity)
137
Antiplatelet antibodies
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
138
Anti-topoisomerase antibodies
Diffuse systemic scleroderma
139
Anti-transglutaminase antibodies
Celiac disease (diarrhea and weight loss)
140
Anti-gliadin antibodies
Celiac disease (diarrhea and weight loss)
141
Anti-endomysial antibodies
Celiac disease (diarrhea and weight loss)
142
Apple core lesion on barium enema x-ray
Colorectal cancer (usually left sided)
143
Atypical lymphocytes
EBV
144
Azurophilic peroxidase positive granular inclusions in granulocytes and myeloblasts
Auer rods (AML, especially the promyelocytic [M3] type)
145
Sensitive to bacitracin
S. pyogens (group A)
146
Resistent to bacitracin
S. agalactiae (group B)
147
Bamboo spine on x-ray
Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27)
148
Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
Howell-Jolley bodies (due to splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen)
149
Basophilic stippling of RBCs
Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia
150
Bloody or yellow tap on lumbar puncture
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
151
Boot-shaped heart on x-ray
Tetralogy of Fallot (due to RVH)
152
Branching gram positive rods with sulfur granules
Actinomyces israelii
153
Bronchogenic apical lung tumor on imaging
Pancoast tumor, which can compress the cervical sympathetic chain and cause Horner syndrome
154
Brown tumor of the bone
Hyperparathyroidism or osteitis fibrosa cystica (deposited hemosiderin from hemorrhage gives it its brown color).
155
Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy
Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)
156
Cellular crescents in the Bowman capsule
Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis
157
Chocolate cyst of the ovary
Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)
158
Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils
Homer-Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma)
159
Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs
Cystic fibrosis, which is autosomal recessive due to a mutation in CFTR gene leading to fat soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs.
160
A decrease in AFP in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormalities.
161
Degeneration of dorsal column fibers
Tabes dorsalis (tertiary syphilis), subacute combined degeneration (dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal, spinocerebellar tracts are affected)
162
Delta wave on EKG, short PR interval, supraventricular tachycardia
Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome (bundle of Kent bypasses AV node)
163
Depigmentation of neurons in the substantia nigra
Parkinson disease (basal ganglia disorderL rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)
164
Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum
Curschmann spirals (bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plugs)
165
Disarrayed granulosa cells arranged around collections of eosinophilic fluids
Call-Exner bodies (granulosa cell tumor of the ovary)
166
Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with raisinoid nuclei and hyperchromasia
Koilocytes (HPV predisposes to cervical cancer).
167
Electrical alternans (alternating amplitude on EKG)
Pericardial tamponade
168
Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies
Owl eye appearance of CMV
169
Enlarged thyroid cells with ground glass nuclei with central clearing
Orphan Annie eyes nuclei (papillary carcinoma of the thyroid)
170
Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cells
Mallory body (alcoholic liver disease)
171
Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell
Lewy body (parkinson disease)
172
Eosinophlic globule in liver
Councilman body (viral hepatitis, yellow fever), represents hepatocyte undergoing apoptosis.
173
Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of the hippocampal and cerebellar neurons
Negri bodies of rabies
174
Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain
Senile plaques (alzheimer disease)
175
Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions (owl's eye)
Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin lymphoma)
176
Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germcells
Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk sac tumor)
177
Hair on end (crew cut) appearance on x-ray
beta-thalassemia, sickle cell disease (marrow expansion)
178
hCG elevated
Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo, and multiple pregnancy)
179
Heart nodules (granulomatous)
Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)
180
Heterophile antibodies
Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
181
Hexagonal, double pointed, needle like crystals in bronchial secretions
Bronchial asthma (Charcot-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules).
182
High level of D dimers
DVT, PE, DIC
183
Hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in the middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify)
Ghon complex (primary TB: mycobacterium bacilli)
184
Honeycomb lung on x-ray or CT
Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis
185
Hypercoagulability (leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis)
Trousseau syndrome (adenocarcinoma of the pancreas or lung).
186
Hypersegmented neutrophils
Megaloblastic anemia (B12 deficiency causes neurologic symptoms, while folate deficiency does not cause neurologic symptoms)
187
Hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
Conn syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism)
188
Hypochromic, microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (fetal hemoglobin sometimes present).
189
Increased AFP in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
Dating error, anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects)
190
Increased uric acid levels
Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics.
191
Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet like bodies
Cowdry type A bodes (HSV or VZV)
192
Iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum
Ferrunginous bodies (asbestosis, which increases the risk of mesothelioma)
193
Keratin pearls on a skin biopsy
Squamous cell carcinoma
194
Large granules in phagocytes, immunodeficiency
Chediak Higashi disease (congenital failure of phagolysosome formation)
195
Lead pipe appearance of the colon on abdominal imaging
Ulcerative colitis (loss of haustra)
196
Linear appearance of IgG deposition on glomerular and alveolar basement membranes
Goodpasture syndrome
197
Low serum ceruloplasmin
Wilson disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)
198
Lumpy bumpy appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (due to deposition of IgG, IgM, and C3)
199
Lytic (punched out) bone lesions on x-ray
Multiple myeloma
200
Mammary gland (blue domed) cyst
Fibrocystic change of the breast
201
Monoclonal antibody spike
Multiple myeloma (usually IgG or IgA). Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS consequence of aging). Waldenstrom (M protein=IgM) macroglobulinemia. Primary amloidosis.
202
Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus
Signet ring (gastric carcinoma)
203
narrowing of bowel lumen on barium x-ray
String sign (Crohn disease)
204
Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegner, PR3-ANCA/ c-ANCA) and Goodpasture syndrome (anti-basement membrane antibodies)
205
Needle shaped, negatively birefringent crystals
Gout (monosodium urate crystals)
206
Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)
207
Novobiocin senstive
S. epidermidis
208
Novobiocin resistant
S. saprphyticus
209
Nutmeg appearance of liver
Chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure or Budd Chiari syndrome.
210
onion skin periosteal reaction
Ewing sarcoma (malignant small blue cell tumor)
211
Optochin sensitive
S. pneumoniae
212
Optochin resistant
viridans streptococci (S mutans and S sanguis)
213
Periosteum raised from bone, creating a triangular area
Codman triangle on x-ray, Ewing sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis.
214
Podocyte fusion or effacement on electron microscopy
Minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome).
215
Polished, ivory like appearance of the bone at cartilage erosion
Eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis)
216
Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of tau protein
Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer disease) and Pick bodies (Pick disease)
217
Psammoma bodies
Meningiomas, papillary thyroid carcinoma, mesothelioma, papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium and ovary.
218
Pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy
Glioblastoma multiforme
219
RBC casts in urine
Glomerulonephritis
220
Rectangular, crystal like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells
Rinke crystals (ledig cell tumor)
221
Recurrent infections, eczema, thrombocytopenia
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
222
Renal epithelial casts in urine
Intrinsic renal failure (eg ischemia or toxic injury)
223
Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent
Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals)
224
Rib notching
Coarctation of the aorta
225
Ring enhancing brain lesion in AIDS
Toxoplasma gondii, CNS lymphoma
226
Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells with scattered pale, tingible body laden macrophages (starry sky histology)
Burkett lymphoma (t[8:14] c-myc activation, associated with EBV. The starry sky is made up of malignant cells).
227
Silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons
Pick bodies (Pick disease is a progressive dementia, changes in personality).
228
Soap bubble is femur or tibia on x-ray
Giant cell tumor of bone (generally benign)
229
Spikes o basement membrane, dome like subepithelial deposits
Membranous nephropathy (nephrotic syndrome)
230
Stacks of RBCs
Rouleaux formation (high ESR, multiple myeloma)
231
Steeple sign on CXR
Croup (parainfluenza virus)
232
Stippled vaginal epithelial cells
Clue cells (Gardnerella vaginalis)
233
Streptococcus bovis bacteremia
Colon cancer
234
Tennis racket shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells
Birbeck granules (Langerhans cell histiocytosis)
235
Thousands of polyps on colonoscopy
Familial adenomatous polyposis (autosomal dominant, mutation of APC gene)
236
Thrombi made of white/red layers
Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)
237
Thumb sign on lateral neck x-ray
Epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenzae)
238
Thyroid like appearance of the kidney
Chronic pyelonephritis (usually due to recurrent infections
239
Tram-track appearance of capillary loops of glomerular basement membranes on light microscopy
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
240
Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles
Fatty liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)
241
Waxy casts with very low urine flow
Chronic end stage renal disease
242
WBC casts in urine
Acute pyelonephritis
243
WBCs that look smudged
CLL (almost always B cell)
244
Wire loop glomerular capillary appearance on light microscopy
Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (usually seen with lupus)
245
Yellowish CSF
Xanthochromia (eg due to subarachnoid hemorrhage)
246
Treatment of absence seizures
Ethosuximide
247
Treatment of acute gout attack
NSAIDs, colchicine, glucocorticoids
248
Treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3)
All-trans retinoic acid
249
Treatment of ADHD
Methylphenidate, CBT, atomoxetine
250
Treatment of alcoholism
Disulfiram, acamprosate, naltrexone, supportive care
251
Treatment of alcohol withdrawal
Long-acting benzodiazepines
252
Treatment of anorexia
Nutrition, psychotherapy, mirtazapine
253
Treatment of anticoagulation during pregnancy
Heparin
254
Treatment of arrhythmia in damaged cardiac tissue
Class IB antiarrhythmic (lidocaine, mexiletine)
255
Treatment of B12 deficiency
Vitamin B12 supplementation (work up cause with Schilling test)
256
Treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia
alpha 1 antagonists, 5 alpha reductase inhibitors, PDE-5 inhibitors.
257
Treatment of bipolar disorder
Mood stabilizers (eg lithium, valproic acid, carbamazepine), atypical antipsychotics.
258
Treatment of breast cancer in postmenopausal woman
Aromatase inhibitor (anastrozole)
259
Treatment of buerger disease
Smoking cessation
260
Treatment of bulimia nervosa
SSRIs
261
Treatment of candida albicans
Topical azoles (vaginitis); nystain, fluconazole, caspofungin (oral/esophageal); fluconazole, caspofungin, amphotericin B (systemic).
262
Treatment of carcinoid syndrome
Octreotide
263
Treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis
Doxycycline (+ ceftriaxone for gonorrhea coinfection), erthromycin eye drops (prophylaxis in infants).
264
Treatment of chronic gout
Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (eg allopurinol, febuxostat)
265
Treatment of chronic hepatitis B or C
INF-alpha (HBV and HCV); ribavirin, simeprevir, sofosbuvir (HCV)
266
Treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia
Imatinib
267
Treatment of Clostridium botulinum
Antitoxin
268
Treatment of CMV
ganciclovir, foscarnet, cidofovir
269
Treatment of Crohn disease
Corticosteroids, infliximab, azathioprine
270
Treatment of Clostridium difficile
Oral metronidazole; if refractory, oral vancomycin
271
Treatment of Clostridium tetani
Antitoxin
272
Treatment of Cryptococcus neoformans
Fluconazole (in AIDS patients)
273
Treatment of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis
Mesna
274
Treatment of depression
SSRIs (first line)
275
Treatment of diabetes insipidus
Desmopressin (central); hydrochlorothiazide, indomethacin, amiloride (nephrogenic)
276
Treatment of diabetes mellitus type 1
Dietary intervention (low carbohydrate) + insulin replacement.
277
Treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2
Dietary intervention, oral hypoglycemics, and insulin (if refractory)
278
Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis
Fluids, insulin, K
279
Treatment of enterococci
Vancomycin, aminopenicillins/cephalosporins
280
Treatment of erectile dysfunction
Sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil
281
Treatment of ER positive breast cancer
Tamoxifen
282
Treatment of ethylene glycol/methanol intoxication
Fomepizole (alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor)
283
Treatment of Haemophilus influenzae (B)
Rifampin (prophylaxis)
284
Treatment of generalized anxiety disorder
SSRIs, SNRIs first line); Buspirone (second line)
285
Treatment of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener)
Cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids
286
Treatment of heparin reversal
Protamine sulfate
287
Treatment of HER2/neu positive breast cancer
Trastuzumab
288
Treatment of hyperaldosteronism
Spironolactone
289
Treatment of hypercholesterolemia
Statin (first line)
290
Treatment of hypertriglyceridemia
Fibrate
291
Treatment of immediate anticoagulation
Heparin
292
Treatment of infertility
Leuprolide, GnRH (pulsatile), clomiphene
293
Treatment of influenza
Oseltamivir, zanamivir
294
Treatment of Kawasaki disease
IVIG, high dose aspirin
295
Treatment of Legionella pneumophila
Macrolides (eg azithromycin)
296
Treatment of long term anticoagulation
Warfarin, dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban.
297
Treatment of malaria
Chloroquine, mefloquine, atovaquone/proguanil (for blood schizont), primaquine (for liver hypnozoite)
298
Treatment of malignant hyperthermia
Dantrolene
299
Treatment of medical abortion
Mifepristone
300
Treatment of migraine
Abortive therapies (eg sumatriptan, NSAIDs); prophylaxis (eg propranolol, topiramate, CCBs, amitriptyline)
301
Treatment of multiple sclerosis
Disease modifying therapies (eg beta interferon, natalizumab); for acute flares, use IV steroids.
302
Treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
RIPE (rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol)
303
Treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Ceftriaxone (add doxycycline to cover likely concurrent C. trachomatis).
304
Treatment of Neisseria meningitidis
Penicillin/ceftriaxone, rifampin (prophylaxis)
305
Prevention of neural tube defect
Prenatal folic acid
306
Treatment of osteomalacia/rickets
Vitamin D supplementation
307
Treatment of osteoporosis
Calcium/vitamin D supplementation (prophylaxis); bisphosphonates, PTH analogs, SERMs, calcitonin, denosumab (treatment)
308
Treatment of patent ductus arteriosus
Close with indomethacin; keep open with PGE analogs
309
Treatment of pheochromocytoma
alpha antagonists (eg phenoxybenzamine)
310
Treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii
TMP-SMX (prophylaxis in AIDS patients)
311
Treatment of prolactinoma
Cabergoline/bromocriptine (dopamine agonists)
312
Treatment of prostate adenocarcinoma/uterine fibroids
Leuprolide, GnRH (continuous)
313
Treatment of prostate adenocarcinoma
Flutamide
314
Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Antipseudomonal penicillins, aminoglycosides, and carbapenems
315
Treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (idiopathic)
Sildenafil, bosentan, epoprostenol
316
Treatment of Rickettsia rickettsii
Doxycycline, chloramphenicol
317
Treatment of schizophrenia (negative symptoms)
Atypical antipsychotics
318
Treatment of schizophrenia (positive symptoms)
Typical and atypical antipsychotics
319
Treatment of SIADH
Fluid restriction, IV hypertonic saline, conivaptan/tolvaptan, demeclocycline.
320
Treatment of sickle cell disease
Hydroxyurea (increase in fetal hemoglobin)
321
Treatment of Sporothrix schenckii
Itraconazole, oral potassium iodide
322
Treatment of stable angina
Sublingual nitroglycerin
323
Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus
MSSA: nafcillin, oxacillin, decloxacillin (antistaphlyococcal penicillins); MRSA: vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, and ceftaroline
324
Treatment of Streptococcus bovis
Penicillin prophylaxis; evaluation for colon cancer if linked to endocarditis
325
Treatment of Streptococcus pneumoniae
Penicillin/cephalosporin (systemic infection, pneumonia), vancomycin (meningitis)
326
Treatment of Streptococcus pyogenes
Penicillin prophylaxis
327
Treatment of temporal arteritis
High-dose steroids
328
Treatment of tonic-clonic seizures
Levetiracetam, phenytoin, valporate, carbamazepine
329
Treatment of Toxoplasma gondii
Sulfadiazine plus pyrimethamine
330
Treatment of Treponema pallidum
Penicillin
331
Treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux)
Carbamazepine
332
Treatment of ulcerative colitis
5-ASA preparations (eg mesalamine), 6-mercaptopurine, infliximab, colectomy
333
Treatment of UTI prophylaxis
TMP-SMX
334
Treatment for warfarin reversal
Fresh frozen plasma (acute), vitamin K (chronic)
335
Most common cause of actinic (solar) keratosis
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
336
Most common cause of acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
Cushing ulcer (increased intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H secretion)
337
Most common cause of acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
338
Most common cause of alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
Skip lesions (Crohn disease)
339
Most common cause of aortic aneurysm, abdominal
Atherosclerosis
340
Most common cause of aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch
Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction.
341
Most common cause of aortic aneurysm, thoracic
Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
342
Most common cause of aortic dissection
Hypertension
343
Most common cause of atrophy of the mammillary bodies
Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia and confusion)
344
Most common cause of autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
Sickle cell disease (hemoglobin S)
345
Most common cause of bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and stomach cancer
H. pylori
346
Most common cause of bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
S. pneumoniae
347
Most common cause of bacterial meningitis (newborns and elderly)
Group B streptococcus/ E coli (newborns). S pneumoniae/ N meningitidis (kids/teens)
348
Most common cause of bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma
Krukenberg tumor (mucin secreting signet ring cells)
349
Most common cause of a bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
Bernard Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)
350
Most common cause of brain tumor in adults
Supratentorial tumors includes metastasis, astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma.
351
Most common cause of brain tumor in children
Infratentorial tumors include medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial tumors include craniopharyngioma.
352
Most common cause of breast cancer
Invasive ductal carcinoma
353
Most common cause of breast mass
Fibrocystic change and carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
354
Most common cause of breast tumor (benign)
Fibroadenoma
355
Most common cause of cardiac primary tumors in kids
Rhabdomyoma, it is often seen in tuberous sclerosis
356
Most common cause of cardiac manifestation of lupus
Marantic/thrombotic endocarditis (nonbacterial)
357
Most common cause of cardiac tumor in adults
Metastasis, myxoma (90% in left atrium; ball and valve)
358
Most common cause of cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Chiari II malformation
359
Most common cause of chronic arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
360
Most common cause of chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
361
Most common cause of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
362
Most common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia with hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
363
Most common cause of congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
364
Most common cause of congenital conjugated hyerbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
365
Most common cause of constrictive pericarditis
TB (developing world); idiopathic, viral illness (developed world).
366
Most common cause of coronary artery involved in thrombosis
LAD is more common than RCA, which is more common than the circumflex of the LCA.
367
Most common cause of cretinism
Iodine deficit/ congenital hypothyroidism
368
Most common cause of Cushing syndrome
Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy), adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol), ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease), paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors).
369
Most common cause of cyanosis (early in life, less common)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
370
Most common cause of cyanosis (later in life, more common)
VSD, ASD, PDA
371
Most common cause of death in CML
Blast crisis
372
Most common cause of death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
373
Most common cause of dementia
Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)
374
Most common cause of demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
375
Most common cause of DIC
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns. trauma, major surgery.
376
Most common dietary deficit
Iron
377
Most common cause of diverticulum in the pharynx
Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
378
Most common cause of ejection click
Aortic stenosis
379
Most common cause of esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (US)
380
Most common cause of food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
S. aureus, B cereus
381
Most common cause of glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
382
Most common cause of gynecologic malignancy
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
383
Most common cause of congenital heart murmur
mitral valve prolapse
384
Most common heart valve effected in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral valve is more common than the aortic valve (rheumatic fever, tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
385
Most common cause of helminth infection (US)
Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides
386
Most common cause of epidermal hematoma
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)
387
Most common cause of subdural hematoma
rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
388
Most common cause of hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in heart failure, bronze diabetes, and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma).
389
Most common cause of hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)
390
Most common cause of hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
391
Most common cause of hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
392
Most common diseases with HLA-B27 association
Ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, ulcerative colitis, psoriatic arthritis.
393
Most common diseases with HLA-DR3 association
Diabetes mellitus type 1, SLE, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis
394
Most common diseases with HLA-DR4 association
Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis
395
Most common cause of holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
396
Most common cause of hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow triad (increased risk of thrombosis)
397
Most common cause of secondary hypertension
renal disease
398
Most common cause of hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
399
Most common cause of hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
400
Most common cause of infection secondary to blood transfusion
Hepatitis C
401
Most common cause of infection in chronic granulomatous disease
S. aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase positive)
402
Most common cause of intellectual disability
Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome
403
Most common cause of radiopaque kidney stones
Calcium. Struvite (ammonium), formed by urease positive organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus species, and S saprophyticus)
404
Most common cause of radiolucent kidney stones
Uric acid
405
Most common cause of late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)
Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA, results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
406
Most common cause of liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
407
Most common cause of lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher disease
408
Most common cause of male cancer
prostatic carcinoma
409
Most common cause of malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
410
Most common cause of malignancy in kids
ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
411
Most common cause of metastases to bone
Prostate and breast are more likely than lung, which is more likely than the thyroid
412
Most common cause of metastases to the brain
Lung is more likely than breast, which is more likely than genitourinary, which is more likely than melanoma, which is more likely than GI
413
Most common cause of metastases to liver
Colon is much more likely than both stomach and pancreas
414
Most common diseases with mitochondrial inheritance
Diseases occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only.
415
Most common cause of mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
416
Most common cause of mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
417
Most common cause of myocarditis
Coxsackie B
418
Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
419
Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in kids
Minimal change disease
420
Most common cause of neuron migration failure
Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia
421
Most common cause of nosocomial pneumonia
S. aureus, Pseudomonas, other enteric gram-negative rods
422
Most common cause of obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
423
Most common cause of opening snap
Mitral stenosis
424
Most common cause of opportunistic infection in AIDS
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
425
Most common cause of osteomyelitis
S. aureus (most common overall)
426
Most common cause of osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
427
Most common cause of osteomyelitis with IV drug use
Pseudomonas, Candida, S aureus
428
Most common cause of ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
429
Most common cause of ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
430
Most common cause of pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones and alcohol
431
Most common cause of pancreatitis (chronic)
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
432
Most common patient with ALL
child
433
Most common patient with CLL
adults over 60
434
Most common patient with AML
adults around 65
435
Most common patient with CML
adults 45-85
436
Most common cause of pelvic inflammatory disease
C. trachomatis, N gonorrhoeae
437
Most common cause of Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (BCR-ABL)
CML (it can also be associated with ALL/AML)
438
Most common cause of pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma, somatotropic adenoma
439
Most common cause of primary amenorrhea
Tuner syndrome (45, XO).
440
Most common cause of primary bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
441
Most common cause of primary hyperparaldosteronism
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
442
Most common cause of primary liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson disease.
443
Most common cause of pulmonary hypertension
COPD
444
Most common cause of recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
445
Most common cause of renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma is associated with von Hippel Lindau and cigarette smoking, paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTHrP, ACTH)
446
Most common cause of right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
447
Most common cause of S3 heart sound
Increase in ventricular filling pressure (eg mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles.
448
Most common cause of S4 heart sound
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
449
Most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
450
Most common cause of sexually transmitted disease
C. trachomatis (usually coinfected with N gonorrhoeae)
451
Most common cause of SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
452
Most common site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
453
Most common cause of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta is the most common, followed by coronary artery, followed by popliteal artery, and carotid artery.
454
Most common cause of stomach cancer
adenocarcinoma
455
Most common cause of stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
456
Most common cause of cancer with t(14; 18)
Follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)
457
Most common cause of cancer with t(8; 14)
Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene)
458
Most common cause of cancer with t(9; 22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL activation, tyrosine kinase oncogene)
459
Sequela of temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
460
Most common cause of testicular tumor
Seminoma (malignant and radiosensitive)
461
Most common cause of thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma
462
Most common tumor in women
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
463
Most common tumor in infancy
Strawberry hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood).
464
Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
465
Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in kids
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
466
Most common type of Hodgkin lymphoma
Nodular sclerosing (vs mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
467
Most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
468
Most common cause of UTI
E coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
469
Most common cause of vertebral compression fracture
Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)
470
Most common cause of viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
471
Most common vitamin deficiency (US)
Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3 to 4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects.
472
Equation for sensitivity
Sensitivity=TP/ (TP+FN)
473
Equation for specificity
Specificity=TN/(TN+FP)
474
Equation for positive predictive value
PPV=TP/(TP+FP)
475
Equation for negative predictive value
NPV=TN/(FN+TN)
476
Odds ratio (for case control studies)
OR=(a/c)/(b/d)
477
Relative risk
RR=[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)
478
Attributable risk
AR= a/(a+b)- c(c+d)
479
Relative risk reduction
RRR=1-RR
480
Absolute risk reduction
ARR=c/(c+d)-a/(a+b)
481
Number needed to treat
NNT=1/absolute risk reduction
482
Number needed to harm
NNH=1/attributable risk
483
Hardy-Weinberg
p2+2pq+q2=1. p+q=1
484
Volume of distribution
Vd=amount of drug in the body/plasma drug concentration
485
Half-life
t1/2=0.693 x Vd/ CL
486
Drug clearance
CL=rate of elimination of drug/plasma drug concentration=Vd x Ke (elimination constant)
487
Loading dose
LD=Cp x Vd/F
488
Maintenance dose
D=Cp x CL x tau/F
489
Cardiac output
CO=rate of O2 consumption/ (arterial O2 content-venous O2 content). CO=stroke volume x heart rate.
490
Mean arterial pressure
MAP= cardiac output x total peripheral resistance. MAP=2/3 diastolic +1/3 systolic
491
Stroke volume
SV=EDV-ESV
492
Ejection fraction
EF=SV/EDV=(EDV-ESV)/EDV
493
Resistance
resistance=driving pressure (delta P)/flow (Q)=8n(viscosity) x length/Pir4.
494
Capillary fluid exchange
Jv=net fluid flow= Kf(Pc-Pi)-epsilon(Pic-Pii).
495
Renal clearance
Cx=Ux x V/Px
496
Glomerular filtration rate
GFR= Uinsulin x V/Pinsulin=Cinsulin. GFR=Kf[(Pgc-Pbs)-(Pigc- Pibs)]
497
Effective renal plasma flow
eRPF=Upah x V/Ppah=Cpah
498
Renal blod flow
RBF=RPF/(1-Hct)
499
Filtration fraction
FF=GFR/RPF
500
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation (for extraceullar pH)
pH = 6.1 + log [HCO3-]/[0.03xPCO2]
501
Winters formula
Pco2 = 1.5 [HCO3-] + 8 ± 2
502
Physiologic dead space
Vd=Vt x (PaCO2-PECO2)/PaCO2
503
Pulmonary vascular resistance
PVR= (Ppulm artery - PLatrium)/cardiac output
504
Alveolar gas equation
PAO2=PIO2-PaCO2/R
