Classic Labs/Findings Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
anti-centromere antibodies
A
scleroderma (CREST)
2
Q
anti-desmoglein (epithelial) antibodies
A
pemphigus vulgaris (blsitering)
3
Q
anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
A
Goodpasture syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)
4
Q
anti-histone antibodies
A
drug-induced SLE (sulfa drugs, hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide, etanercept)
5
Q
anti-IgG antibodies
A
RA (systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonniere deformity)
6
Q
anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)
A
primary biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)
7
Q
anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)
A
1) microscopic polyangiitis and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis = Churg-Strauss syndrome= MPO-ANCA/pANCA
2) granulomatosis with polyangiitis = Wegener = PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA
8
Q
antinuclear antibodies (ANAs: anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA)
A
SLE (type III hypersensitivity)
9
Q
antiplatelet antibodies
A
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
10
Q
anti-topoisomerase antibodies
A
diffuse systemic scleroderma
11
Q
anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies
A
celiac disease (diarrhea, weight loss)
12
Q
“apple core lesion” on barium enema x-ray
A
colorectal cancer (usually left-sided)
13
Q
atypical lymphocytes
A
EBV
14
Q
azurophilic peroxidase + granular inclusions in granulocytes and myeloblasts
A
Auer rods
in AML
more prominent in promyelocytic M3 type
15
Q
bacitracin response
A
sensitive: S. pyogenes = group A
Resistant: S. agalactiae = group B
16
Q
“bamboo” spine on x-ray
A
ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis)
17
Q
basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
A
Howell-Jolly bodies (due to splenectomy or non-functional spleen)
18
Q
basophilic stippling of RBCs
A
lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia
19
Q
bloody or yellow tap on lumbar puncture
A
subarachnoid hemorrhage
20
Q
“boot-shaped” heart on x-ray
A
Tetralogy of Fallot (due to RVH)
21
Q
branching, gram positive rods with sulfur granules
A
Actinomyces israelii
22
Q
bronchogenic apical lung tumor on imaging
A
pancoast tumor (can compress cervical sympathetic chain and cause Horner syndrome)
23
Q
“brown” tumor of bone
A
hyperparathyroidism or osteitis fibrosa cystica (deposited hemosiderin from hemorrhage gives brown color)
24
Q
cardiomegaly with apical atrophy
A
Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)
25
cellular crescents in Bowman's capsule
rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis
26
"chocolate cyst" of ovary
endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)
27
circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils
Homer-Wright rosettes = neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma
28
colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs
cystic fibrosis (autosomal recessive mutation in CFTR gene-->fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)
29
decreased AFP in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormalities
30
degeneration of dorsal column fibers
```
Tabes dorsalis (tertiary syphilis)
subacute combined degeneration (dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tract, spinocerebellar tracts affected)
```
31
"delta wave" on EKG, short PR interval, supraventricular tachycardia
Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome ( Bundle of Kent bypasses AV node)
32
depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra
Parkinson disease (basal ganglia disorder; rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)
33
desquamated epithelium casts in sputum
Curschmann spirals = bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plug
34
disarrayed granulosa cells arranged around collections of eosinophilic fluid
Call-Exner bodies (granulosa cell tumor of the ovary)
35
dysplastic squamous cervical cells with "raisinoid" nuclei and hyperchromasia
koilocytes = HPV; predisposes to cervical cancer
36
electrical alternans (alternating amplitude on EKG)
pericardial tamponade
37
enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies
"owl eye" appearance of CMV
38
enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei with central clearing
"orphan Annie" eyes nuclei (papillary carcinoma of the thyroid)
39
eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell
Mallory body= alcoholic liver disease
40
eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell
Lewy body = Parkinson disease
41
eosinophilic globule in liver
councilman body= represents hepatocyte undergoing apoptosis= viral hepatitis, yellow fever
42
eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal and cerebellar neurons
Negri bodies of rabies
43
extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain
senile plaques; Alzheimer disease
44
giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions ("owl's eye)
Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin lymphoma)
45
glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells
Schiller-Duval bodies = yolk-sac tumor
46
"hair on end" ("crew-cut") appearance on x-ray
beta-thalassemia, sickle cell disease (marrow expansion)
47
hCG elevated
choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo, and multiple pregnancy)
48
heart nodules (granulomatous)
Aschoff bodies = rheumatic fever
49
heterophile antibodies
infectious mononucleosis = EBV
50
hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions
Charcot-Leyden crystals = eosinophilc granules = bronchial asthma
51
high level of D-dimers
DVT, PE, DIC
52
hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesions in middle of lower lung lobes (can calcify)
Ghon complex = primary TB= Mycobacterium bacilli
53
"honeycomb lung" on x-ray or CT
interstitial pulmonary fibrosis
54
hypercoagulability (leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis)
Trousseau syndrome (adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lung)
55
hypersegmented neutrophils
megaloblastic anemia (B12 deficiency: neurologic symptoms; folate deficiency; no neurologic symptoms)
56
hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
Conn syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism)
57
hypochromic, microcytic anemia
iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (fetal hemoglobin is sometimes present)
58
increased AFP in amniotic fluid/ maternal serum
dating error, anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects)
59
increased uric acid levels
gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics
60
intranuclear, eosinophilic, droplet-like bodies
cowdry type A bodies= HSV or VZV
61
iron-containing nodule sin alveolar septum
ferruginous bodies = asbestosis = increased chance of mesothelioma
62
keratin pearls on a skin biopsy
squamous cell carcinoma
63
large granules in phagocytes, immunodeficiency
Chediak-Higashi disease = congenital failure of phagolysosome formation
64
"lead pipe" appearance of colon on abdominal imaging
ulcerative colitis
65
linear appearance of IgG deposition on glomerular and alveolar basement membranes
Goodpasture syndrome
66
low serum ceruloplasmin
wilson disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)
67
"lumpy bumpy" appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence
poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (due to deposition of IgG, IgM, and C3)
68
Lytic ("punched out") bone lesions on x-ray
multiple myeloma
69
mammary gland ("blue domed") cyst
fibrocystic change of the breast
70
monoclonal antibody spike
1) Multiple myeloma (IgG or IgA) or
2) MGUS (consequence of aging) or
3) Waldenstrom (M protein = IgM) macroglobulinemia or
4) Primary amyloidosis or
71
mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus
"signet ring" (gastric carcinoma)
72
narrowing of bowel lumen on barium x-ray
"string sign" = Crohn disease
73
necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis
1) granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener; PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA)
2) Goodpasture syndrome (anti-basement membrane antibodies)
74
needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals
monosodium ureate crystals = gout
75
nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli
Kimmerlstiel-Wilson nodules = diabetic nephropathy
76
novobiocin response
sensitive: S. epidermidis
resistant: S. saprophyticus
77
"nutmeg" appearance of liver
chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure or Budd-Chiari syndrome
78
"onion skin" periosteal reaction
Ewing sarcoma (malignant small blue cell tumor)
79
optochin response
sensitive: S. pneumoniae
resistant: viridans streptococci = S. mutans, S, sanguis
80
periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area
Codman triangle on x-ray = Ewing sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis
81
podocyte fusion or "effacement" on electron microscopy
minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)
82
polished, "ivory-like" appearance of bone at cartilage erosion
eburnation = osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis
83
protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of tau protein
1) neurofibrillary tangles = Alzheimer disease
| 2) Pick bodies = Pick disease
84
psammoma bodies
1) meningiomas
2) papillary thyroid carcinoma
3) mesothelioma
4) papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium and ovary
85
pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy
glioblastoma multiforme
86
RBC casts in urine
glomerulonephritis
87
rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells
Reinke crystals (leydig cell tumor)
88
recurrent infection, eczema, thrombocytopenia
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
89
renal epithelial casts in urine
intrinsic renal failure (e.g. ischemia or toxic injury)
90
rhomboid crystals, positive birefringent
pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals)
91
rib notching
coarctation of the aorta
92
ring-enhancing brain lesions in AIDS
1) Toxoplasmosis gondii
| 2) CNS lymphoma
93
sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells with scattered pale, tingible body-laden macrophages ("starry sky" histology)
malignant cells = Burkitt lymphoma = t(8:14) = c-myc activation; associated with EBV
94
silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons
Pick bodies = Pick disease = progressive dementia, change sin personality
95
"soap bubble" in femur or tibia on x-ray
giant cell tumor of bone; generally benign
96
"spikes" on basement membrane, "dome-like" sub-epithelial deposits
membranous nephropathy (nephrotic syndrome)
97
stacks of RBCs
rouleaux formation = high ESR = multiple myeloma
98
"steeple" sign on chest x-ray
croup = parainfluenza virus
99
stippled vaginal epithelial cells
"clue cells" = Gardnerella vaginalis
100
streptococcus bovis bacteremia
colon cancer
101
"tennis racket"-shaped cytoplasmic organelles in Langerhans cells in EM
Birbeck granules = Langerhans cell histiocytosis
102
thousands of polyps on colonoscopy
familial adenomatous polyposis (autosomal dominant, mutation of APC gene)
103
thrombi made of white/red layers
lines of Zahn = layers of platelets/RBCs= arterial thrombus
104
"thumb sign" on lateral neck x-ray
epiglottitis = Haemophilus influenzae
105
thyroid-like appearance of kidney
chronic pyelonephritis = due to recurrent infections
106
"tram-track" appearance of capillary loops of glomerular basement membranes on light microscopy
membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
107
triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles
fatty liver disease = alcoholic or metabolic syndrome
108
"waxy" casts with very low urine flow
chronic end-stage liver disease
109
WBC casts in urine
acute pyelonephritis
110
WBCs that look "smudged"
CLL = almost always B cell
111
"wire loop" glomerular capillary appearance on light microscopy
diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis = usually seen with lupus
112
yellowish CSF
xanthochromia = due to subarachnoid hemorrhagel
