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FA Rapid Review > Classic Labs/Findings > Flashcards

Classic Labs/Findings Flashcards

1
Q

anti-centromere antibodies

A

scleroderma (CREST)

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2
Q

anti-desmoglein (epithelial) antibodies

A

pemphigus vulgaris (blsitering)

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3
Q

anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies

A

Goodpasture syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)

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4
Q

anti-histone antibodies

A

drug-induced SLE (sulfa drugs, hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide, etanercept)

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5
Q

anti-IgG antibodies

A

RA (systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonniere deformity)

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6
Q

anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)

A

primary biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)

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7
Q

anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)

A

1) microscopic polyangiitis and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis = Churg-Strauss syndrome= MPO-ANCA/pANCA
2) granulomatosis with polyangiitis = Wegener = PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA

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8
Q

antinuclear antibodies (ANAs: anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA)

A

SLE (type III hypersensitivity)

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9
Q

antiplatelet antibodies

A

idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

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10
Q

anti-topoisomerase antibodies

A

diffuse systemic scleroderma

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11
Q

anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies

A

celiac disease (diarrhea, weight loss)

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12
Q

“apple core lesion” on barium enema x-ray

A

colorectal cancer (usually left-sided)

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13
Q

atypical lymphocytes

A

EBV

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14
Q

azurophilic peroxidase + granular inclusions in granulocytes and myeloblasts

A

Auer rods
in AML
more prominent in promyelocytic M3 type

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15
Q

bacitracin response

A

sensitive: S. pyogenes = group A
Resistant: S. agalactiae = group B

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16
Q

“bamboo” spine on x-ray

A

ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis)

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17
Q

basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs

A

Howell-Jolly bodies (due to splenectomy or non-functional spleen)

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18
Q

basophilic stippling of RBCs

A

lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia

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19
Q

bloody or yellow tap on lumbar puncture

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

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20
Q

“boot-shaped” heart on x-ray

A

Tetralogy of Fallot (due to RVH)

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21
Q

branching, gram positive rods with sulfur granules

A

Actinomyces israelii

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22
Q

bronchogenic apical lung tumor on imaging

A

pancoast tumor (can compress cervical sympathetic chain and cause Horner syndrome)

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23
Q

“brown” tumor of bone

A

hyperparathyroidism or osteitis fibrosa cystica (deposited hemosiderin from hemorrhage gives brown color)

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24
Q

cardiomegaly with apical atrophy

A

Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)

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25
Q

cellular crescents in Bowman’s capsule

A

rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis

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26
Q

“chocolate cyst” of ovary

A

endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)

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27
Q

circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils

A

Homer-Wright rosettes = neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma

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28
Q

colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs

A

cystic fibrosis (autosomal recessive mutation in CFTR gene–>fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)

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29
Q

decreased AFP in amniotic fluid/maternal serum

A

Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormalities

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30
Q

degeneration of dorsal column fibers

A 
Tabes dorsalis (tertiary syphilis)
subacute combined degeneration (dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tract, spinocerebellar tracts affected)
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31
Q

“delta wave” on EKG, short PR interval, supraventricular tachycardia

A

Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome ( Bundle of Kent bypasses AV node)

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32
Q

depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra

A

Parkinson disease (basal ganglia disorder; rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)

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33
Q

desquamated epithelium casts in sputum

A

Curschmann spirals = bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plug

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34
Q

disarrayed granulosa cells arranged around collections of eosinophilic fluid

A

Call-Exner bodies (granulosa cell tumor of the ovary)

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35
Q

dysplastic squamous cervical cells with “raisinoid” nuclei and hyperchromasia

A

koilocytes = HPV; predisposes to cervical cancer

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36
Q

electrical alternans (alternating amplitude on EKG)

A

pericardial tamponade

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37
Q

enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies

A

“owl eye” appearance of CMV

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38
Q

enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei with central clearing

A

“orphan Annie” eyes nuclei (papillary carcinoma of the thyroid)

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39
Q

eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell

A

Mallory body= alcoholic liver disease

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40
Q

eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell

A

Lewy body = Parkinson disease

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41
Q

eosinophilic globule in liver

A

councilman body= represents hepatocyte undergoing apoptosis= viral hepatitis, yellow fever

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42
Q

eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal and cerebellar neurons

A

Negri bodies of rabies

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43
Q

extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain

A

senile plaques; Alzheimer disease

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44
Q

giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions (“owl’s eye)

A

Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin lymphoma)

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45
Q

glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells

A

Schiller-Duval bodies = yolk-sac tumor

46
Q

“hair on end” (“crew-cut”) appearance on x-ray

A

beta-thalassemia, sickle cell disease (marrow expansion)

47
Q

hCG elevated

A

choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo, and multiple pregnancy)

48
Q

heart nodules (granulomatous)

A

Aschoff bodies = rheumatic fever

49
Q

heterophile antibodies

A

infectious mononucleosis = EBV

50
Q

hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions

A

Charcot-Leyden crystals = eosinophilc granules = bronchial asthma

51
Q

high level of D-dimers

A

DVT, PE, DIC

52
Q

hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesions in middle of lower lung lobes (can calcify)

A

Ghon complex = primary TB= Mycobacterium bacilli

53
Q

“honeycomb lung” on x-ray or CT

A

interstitial pulmonary fibrosis

54
Q

hypercoagulability (leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis)

A

Trousseau syndrome (adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lung)

55
Q

hypersegmented neutrophils

A

megaloblastic anemia (B12 deficiency: neurologic symptoms; folate deficiency; no neurologic symptoms)

56
Q

hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis

A

Conn syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism)

57
Q

hypochromic, microcytic anemia

A

iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (fetal hemoglobin is sometimes present)

58
Q

increased AFP in amniotic fluid/ maternal serum

A

dating error, anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects)

59
Q

increased uric acid levels

A

gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics

60
Q

intranuclear, eosinophilic, droplet-like bodies

A

cowdry type A bodies= HSV or VZV

61
Q

iron-containing nodule sin alveolar septum

A

ferruginous bodies = asbestosis = increased chance of mesothelioma

62
Q

keratin pearls on a skin biopsy

A

squamous cell carcinoma

63
Q

large granules in phagocytes, immunodeficiency

A

Chediak-Higashi disease = congenital failure of phagolysosome formation

64
Q

“lead pipe” appearance of colon on abdominal imaging

A

ulcerative colitis

65
Q

linear appearance of IgG deposition on glomerular and alveolar basement membranes

A

Goodpasture syndrome

66
Q

low serum ceruloplasmin

A

wilson disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)

67
Q

“lumpy bumpy” appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence

A

poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (due to deposition of IgG, IgM, and C3)

68
Q

Lytic (“punched out”) bone lesions on x-ray

A

multiple myeloma

69
Q

mammary gland (“blue domed”) cyst

A

fibrocystic change of the breast

70
Q

monoclonal antibody spike

A

1) Multiple myeloma (IgG or IgA) or
2) MGUS (consequence of aging) or
3) Waldenstrom (M protein = IgM) macroglobulinemia or
4) Primary amyloidosis or

71
Q

mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus

A

“signet ring” (gastric carcinoma)

72
Q

narrowing of bowel lumen on barium x-ray

A

“string sign” = Crohn disease

73
Q

necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis

A

1) granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener; PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA)
2) Goodpasture syndrome (anti-basement membrane antibodies)

74
Q

needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals

A

monosodium ureate crystals = gout

75
Q

nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli

A

Kimmerlstiel-Wilson nodules = diabetic nephropathy

76
Q

novobiocin response

A

sensitive: S. epidermidis
resistant: S. saprophyticus

77
Q

“nutmeg” appearance of liver

A

chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure or Budd-Chiari syndrome

78
Q

“onion skin” periosteal reaction

A

Ewing sarcoma (malignant small blue cell tumor)

79
Q

optochin response

A

sensitive: S. pneumoniae
resistant: viridans streptococci = S. mutans, S, sanguis

80
Q

periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area

A

Codman triangle on x-ray = Ewing sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis

81
Q

podocyte fusion or “effacement” on electron microscopy

A

minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)

82
Q

polished, “ivory-like” appearance of bone at cartilage erosion

A

eburnation = osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis

83
Q

protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of tau protein

A

1) neurofibrillary tangles = Alzheimer disease

2) Pick bodies = Pick disease

84
Q

psammoma bodies

A

1) meningiomas
2) papillary thyroid carcinoma
3) mesothelioma
4) papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium and ovary

85
Q

pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy

A

glioblastoma multiforme

86
Q

RBC casts in urine

A

glomerulonephritis

87
Q

rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells

A

Reinke crystals (leydig cell tumor)

88
Q

recurrent infection, eczema, thrombocytopenia

A

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

89
Q

renal epithelial casts in urine

A

intrinsic renal failure (e.g. ischemia or toxic injury)

90
Q

rhomboid crystals, positive birefringent

A

pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals)

91
Q

rib notching

A

coarctation of the aorta

92
Q

ring-enhancing brain lesions in AIDS

A

1) Toxoplasmosis gondii

2) CNS lymphoma

93
Q

sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells with scattered pale, tingible body-laden macrophages (“starry sky” histology)

A

malignant cells = Burkitt lymphoma = t(8:14) = c-myc activation; associated with EBV

94
Q

silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons

A

Pick bodies = Pick disease = progressive dementia, change sin personality

95
Q

“soap bubble” in femur or tibia on x-ray

A

giant cell tumor of bone; generally benign

96
Q

“spikes” on basement membrane, “dome-like” sub-epithelial deposits

A

membranous nephropathy (nephrotic syndrome)

97
Q

stacks of RBCs

A

rouleaux formation = high ESR = multiple myeloma

98
Q

“steeple” sign on chest x-ray

A

croup = parainfluenza virus

99
Q

stippled vaginal epithelial cells

A

“clue cells” = Gardnerella vaginalis

100
Q

streptococcus bovis bacteremia

A

colon cancer

101
Q

“tennis racket”-shaped cytoplasmic organelles in Langerhans cells in EM

A

Birbeck granules = Langerhans cell histiocytosis

102
Q

thousands of polyps on colonoscopy

A

familial adenomatous polyposis (autosomal dominant, mutation of APC gene)

103
Q

thrombi made of white/red layers

A

lines of Zahn = layers of platelets/RBCs= arterial thrombus

104
Q

“thumb sign” on lateral neck x-ray

A

epiglottitis = Haemophilus influenzae

105
Q

thyroid-like appearance of kidney

A

chronic pyelonephritis = due to recurrent infections

106
Q

“tram-track” appearance of capillary loops of glomerular basement membranes on light microscopy

A

membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

107
Q

triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles

A

fatty liver disease = alcoholic or metabolic syndrome

108
Q

“waxy” casts with very low urine flow

A

chronic end-stage liver disease

109
Q

WBC casts in urine

A

acute pyelonephritis

110
Q

WBCs that look “smudged”

A

CLL = almost always B cell

111
Q

“wire loop” glomerular capillary appearance on light microscopy

A

diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis = usually seen with lupus

112
Q

yellowish CSF

A

xanthochromia = due to subarachnoid hemorrhagel

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