Classes of joints Flashcards
what are the 2 ways to classify joints?
structural = based on major connective tissue type that binds bones/ is there a fluid filled joint capsule present functional = based on degree of motion
synarthrosis
non-movable
amphiarthrosis
slightly movable
diarthrosis
freely movable
fibrous joints
articulating surfaces of two bones united by fibrous connective tissue
characteristics: united by fibrous connective tissue, have no joint cavity, move little or none
subdivides based on basis of suture: sutures, syndesmosis(found in forearm and allows you to rotate), gomphoses
cartilaginous joints
unite two bones by pad of cartilage
types: synchondroses = contain hyaline cartilage (epiphyseal plate); symphyses (pubic symphysis) = contain fibrocartilage
synovial joints
allow considerable movement; most joints that unite bones of appendicular skeleton reflecting greater mobility of appendicular skeleton compared to axial; complex compared to other structural joints
articular cartilage
hyaline; provides smooth surface
articular disk
flat pad of fibrocartilage between bones. improves stability, reduces wear on cartilage
meniscus
articular disk that only partially spans synovial cavity, opening in center
joint cavity
synovial fluid; encloses articular surfaces, holds bones together, allows movement
avascular
receive nutrients via vascular circle at the peripheral margin of the cartilage, underlying spongy bone, or synovial fluid but do not actually penetrate the cartilage or enter the joint cavity
synovial fluid
complex mixture of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, cells derived from serum (blood fluid) filtrate, and secretions from the synovial cells; hyaluronic acid-provides much of the slippery consistency and lubricating qualities of synovial fluid
what are the 6 types of synovial joints?
plane, saddle, hinge, pivot, ball-socket, ellipsoid
uniaxial
occurring around one axis
biaxial
occurring around two axes at right angles to each other
multiaxial
occurring around several axes
flexion
bending movement that decreases angle of joint to bring articulating bones together
extension
straightening movement that increases angle of joint to straighten articulating bones
hypertension
extension of a joint beyond the anatomical position
plantar flexion
standing on the toes (ballerina)
dorsiflexion
foot lifted toward the shin (kicking a ball)
abduction
movement away from the median plane
adduction
movement toward the median plane
rotation
turning of a structure on its long axis (rotation of neck); medial and lateral rotation (ex: the rotation of the arm
pronation
palm faces posteriorly
supination
palm faces anteriorly (like holding a cup of soup)
circumduction
moving a body part such that the distal end traces a circle while the proximal end stays in one position; combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
elevation
moves a structure superior
depression
moves a structure inferior
protraction
gliding motion anteriorly
retraction
moves structure back to anatomic position or even further posteriorly
lateral excursion
moving mandible to the right or left of midline
medial excursion
return the mandible to the midline
reposition
return to anatomical position
opposition
movement of thumb and little finger toward each other
inversion
turning the ankle so the plantar surface of foot faces medially
eversion
turning the ankle so the plantar surface of foot faces laterally
active range of motion
amount of movement accomplished by muscle contraction
passive range of motion
amount of movement accomplished by some outside force
what are some influences that active and passive go through?
shape of articular surfaces forming joint; amount and shape of cartilage covering surfaces; strength and location of ligaments and tendons; bulk of surrounding tissues, such as muscle and adipose tissue; amount of fluid in and around joint; amount of pain in and around joint; amount of use/disuse of joint
range of motion
amount of mobility demonstrated at a given joint
luxation
dislocation
subluxation
partial dislocation
