Classes of joints

Question 1

what are the 2 ways to classify joints?

Answer 1

structural = based on major connective tissue type that binds bones/ is there a fluid filled joint capsule present 
functional = based on degree of motion

Question 2

synarthrosis

Answer 2

non-movable

Question 3

amphiarthrosis

Answer 3

slightly movable

Question 4

diarthrosis

Answer 4

freely movable

Question 5

fibrous joints

Answer 5

articulating surfaces of two bones united by fibrous connective tissue
characteristics: united by fibrous connective tissue, have no joint cavity, move little or none
subdivides based on basis of suture: sutures, syndesmosis(found in forearm and allows you to rotate), gomphoses

Question 6

cartilaginous joints

Answer 6

unite two bones by pad of cartilage
types: synchondroses = contain hyaline cartilage (epiphyseal plate); symphyses (pubic symphysis) = contain fibrocartilage

Question 7

synovial joints

Answer 7

allow considerable movement; most joints that unite bones of appendicular skeleton reflecting greater mobility of appendicular skeleton compared to axial; complex compared to other structural joints

Question 8

articular cartilage

Answer 8

hyaline; provides smooth surface

Question 9

articular disk

Answer 9

flat pad of fibrocartilage between bones. improves stability, reduces wear on cartilage

Question 10

meniscus

Answer 10

articular disk that only partially spans synovial cavity, opening in center

Question 11

joint cavity

Answer 11

synovial fluid; encloses articular surfaces, holds bones together, allows movement

Question 12

avascular

Answer 12

receive nutrients via vascular circle at the peripheral margin of the cartilage, underlying spongy bone, or synovial fluid but do not actually penetrate the cartilage or enter the joint cavity

Question 13

synovial fluid

Answer 13

complex mixture of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, cells derived from serum (blood fluid) filtrate, and secretions from the synovial cells; hyaluronic acid-provides much of the slippery consistency and lubricating qualities of synovial fluid

Question 14

what are the 6 types of synovial joints?

Answer 14

plane, saddle, hinge, pivot, ball-socket, ellipsoid

Question 15

uniaxial

Answer 15

occurring around one axis

Question 16

biaxial

Answer 16

occurring around two axes at right angles to each other

Question 17

multiaxial

Answer 17

occurring around several axes

Question 18

flexion

Answer 18

bending movement that decreases angle of joint to bring articulating bones together

Question 19

extension

Answer 19

straightening movement that increases angle of joint to straighten articulating bones

Question 20

hypertension

Answer 20

extension of a joint beyond the anatomical position

Question 21

plantar flexion

Answer 21

standing on the toes (ballerina)

Question 22

dorsiflexion

Answer 22

foot lifted toward the shin (kicking a ball)

Question 23

abduction

Answer 23

movement away from the median plane

Question 24

adduction

Answer 24

movement toward the median plane

Question 25

rotation

Answer 25

turning of a structure on its long axis (rotation of neck); medial and lateral rotation (ex: the rotation of the arm

Question 26

pronation

Answer 26

palm faces posteriorly

Question 27

supination

Answer 27

palm faces anteriorly (like holding a cup of soup)

Question 28

circumduction

Answer 28

moving a body part such that the distal end traces a circle while the proximal end stays in one position; combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

Question 29

elevation

Answer 29

moves a structure superior

Question 30

depression

Answer 30

moves a structure inferior

Question 31

protraction

Answer 31

gliding motion anteriorly

Question 32

retraction

Answer 32

moves structure back to anatomic position or even further posteriorly

Question 33

lateral excursion

Answer 33

moving mandible to the right or left of midline

Question 34

medial excursion

Answer 34

return the mandible to the midline

Question 35

reposition

Answer 35

return to anatomical position

Question 36

opposition

Answer 36

movement of thumb and little finger toward each other

Question 37

inversion

Answer 37

turning the ankle so the plantar surface of foot faces medially

Question 38

eversion

Answer 38

turning the ankle so the plantar surface of foot faces laterally

Question 39

active range of motion

Answer 39

amount of movement accomplished by muscle contraction

Question 40

passive range of motion

Answer 40

amount of movement accomplished by some outside force

Question 41

what are some influences that active and passive go through?

Answer 41

shape of articular surfaces forming joint; amount and shape of cartilage covering surfaces; strength and location of ligaments and tendons; bulk of surrounding tissues, such as muscle and adipose tissue; amount of fluid in and around joint; amount of pain in and around joint; amount of use/disuse of joint

Question 42

range of motion

Answer 42

amount of mobility demonstrated at a given joint

Question 43

luxation

Answer 43

dislocation

Question 44

subluxation

Answer 44

partial dislocation