class week 1 Flashcards
What is the simplest way to examine the structure of the human body
inspection
palpitation
feeling structure with hands
auscultation
listening to the bodies natural sounds (heart,lungs)
comparative anatomy
the study of multiple species n order to examine similarities, differences, and to analyze evolutionary trends
exploratory surgery
opening the body and taking a look inside to see whats wrong
gross anatomy
studying the structure with the naked eye
histology
study tissue samples under microscope
histopathology
study of tissue samples under the microscope for disease
cytology
is the study of the structure and function of individual cells
ultrastructure
refers to the fine details down to the molecular level revealed by the electron microscope
comparative physiology
study of different species, teaches us what we know about bodily function, used for development of new drugs and medical procedures
hippocrates
greek father of medicine (hippocratic oath-code of medicine)
aristotle
first philosopher to write about anatomy and physiology (diseases-supernatural causes and natural causes)
inductive method
making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing predictions from them (proved beyond reasonable doubt)
sample size
the number of subjects used in a study
controls
a control group that receives no treatment
theory
the greatest amount of info that scientists consider to be true to the best of their knowledge
charles darwin
natural selection
natural selection
is the principal theory of how everything works
evolution
means change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms
selection pressures
natural forces that promote reproductive success of some individuals more than others
adaptation
things that evolve in response to selection pressures which enables the organism to cope with the changes
chimpanzee
closest living relative to us
homo-sapiens
us
arboreal
treetop habitat
bipedalism
standing and walking on two legs
organism
human
organ system
group of organs with a unique collection function (digestive, respiratory)
organ
two or more tissues
tissues
mass of cells
cells
the smallest unit of an organism
organelles
microscopic structures in a cell (mitochondria, lysosomes)
molecule
a particle composed of atleast two atoms
atoms
the smallest particle with unique chemical identities
proteins, fats, DNA
largest molecules
reductionism
theory that a large complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components
holism
theory there are emergent properties of the whole organism that can not be predicted from its simpler components
.development
any change in form or function over the lifetime of the organism
differentation
the transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a particular task (the transformation of blood stem cells into white blood cells)
growth
an increase in size (the change of the size as an infant matures)
the internal state of the body is best described as a
dynamic equilibrium
set point
average value for a given variable in which conditions fluctuate slightly
negative feedback
help body maintain homeostasis
positive feedback
childbirth, could be deadly
vasodilation
widening of blood vessels (sweating)
vasoconstriction
narrowing of blood vessels (shivering)
receptor
structure that senses a change in the body
control center
a mechanism that processes the info when there is a change in the body and makes a decision for the appropriate response
effector
the cell or organ that carries out the corrective response when something in the body changes
plural endings
pg 20
arm
brachial region
forearm
antebrachial region
wrist
carpal region
hand
manual region
fingers and toes
digits
thigh
femoral region
leg
crural region
ankle
tarsal region
foot
pedal region
cranial cavity
enclosed by the cranium and contains the brain
vertebral canal
enclosed by the vertebral column (spine)
meninges
three membrane layers that protect the delicate nervous tissue in the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity
thoracic cavity
lined with thin serous membranes that secrete a lubricating film
mediastinum (in the middle)
a thick wall that divides the thoracic cavity
pericardium (peri-around)
two layer membrane around the heart
visceral pericadium (inner)
the inner layer of the pericadium that forms the surface of the heart
the outer layer of the pericardium
parietal (outer) pericardium
the right and left sides of the of the thoracic cavity include the
lungs
pleura
a serous 2 layer membrane around the lungs
visceral (inner) pleura
forms the external surface of the lung
Parietal pleura (outer)
lines the inside of the ribs
visceral layer
covers an organ surface
parietal layer
lines the inside of a body cavity
