class test two Flashcards
what can culture be considered?
a broad concept that embraces all aspects of life including customs, beliefs, technological achievements, language and the history of a particular group
what does culture produce?
a shared identity and unity within a group
what can culture be described as?
a system of beliefs, values and behaviours
what does culture include?
- physical and/or material items
- expected behaviours and roles
- guiding thoughts/ philosophy
- norms
in order to communicate in a way that is culturally effective as a health professional what is it important to understand?
that each person has diverse experiences, world views, beliefs, attitudes and values that affect that affect their understanding of power and privilege
what is the notion of cultural safety?
embraces all diverse groupings regardless of age, gender, sexual preferences and disability and breaks down systems that disempower
what is critical self-awareness as a strategy for culturally congruent communication?
evaluate personal cultural values, beliefs and traditions, be aware of your own biases/tendencies to stereotype
what is personal commitment to understand differences as a strategy for culturally congruent communication?
life long learning of requirements for effective communication for all groups of people
what is investing time to understand as a strategy for culturally congruent communication?
don’t rush encounters with individuals
what is the anticipation of difficulties as a strategy for culturally congruent communication?
be prepared to change the way you communicate
what are strategies for culturally congruent communication?
- critical self-awareness
- personal commitment to understand differences
- invest time to understand
- anticipation of difficulties
- use an interpreter when required
what are some challenges and barriers in communication that can occur?
- misunderstandings
- giving offence/taking offence
- confusion
- inability to build rapport
- poor verbal/non-verbal communication etc.
what are some enablers of culturally congruent communication?
- active listening
- awareness of theirs and your values
- clarify differences
- be aware of body language, tone and pitch
what is assertiveness?
the effort a person makes to influence or control the thoughts or actions of others
what do people who are assertive do?
- tell others how things should be
- task orientated, active, confident
what do people who are not assertive do?
- ask others how things should be done
- reserved, easy going, private and deliberate
what is expressiveness?
the effort that a person makes to control his or her emotions and feelings when relating to others
what are dimensions of style of communication?
expressiveness and assertiveness
what do people who are expressive do?
- display emotions
- versatile, sociable and extraverted
what do people who are not expressive do?
- control their emotions
- dogmatic, controlled and quiet
what are the four different team member styles?
- direct
- spirited
- systemic
- considerate
what does a direct team member style consist of?
- focus on big picture
- believes that conflicts are constructive
- takes risks
- communicates assertively
what does a spirited team member style consist of?
- loves generating new ideas
- open to change
- recognises and praises accomplishments of others
- energy and enthusiasm
what does a systemic team member style consist of?
- thinks critically and analytically
- strong organisational skills
- high standards
- pays attention to detail
what does a considerate team member style consist of?
- actively listens to others
- lends a helping hand
- encourages others to share thoughts
- mediates conflicts
what are the trouble spots for a direct team member style?
- overly critical
- gives feedback with little regard for receiver’s feelings
- aggressive
- impatient
what are the trouble spots for a spirited team member style?
- distracted and undisciplined
- struggles to meet deadlines
- behaviour can be disruptive
- difficulty sticking to plan
what are the trouble spots for a systemic team member style?
- can be a perfectionist
- resistant to change
- values data over personal relationships
- rigid and inflexible
what are the trouble spots for a considerate team member style?
- doesn’t express opinions
- passive and dependent
- trusts too easily
- overly sensitive to criticism
how does a direct leader approach a task?
- takes charge
- gets down to business
- focuses on deadlines
how does a spirited leader approach a task?
- visualises the big picture
- turns work into play
- imagines possibilities
how does a systemic leader approach a task?
- plans carefully
- analyses relevant data
- imposes logic and structure
how does a considerate leader approach a task?
- creates a comfortable enviro
- follows procedures that are ‘tried and true’
- establishes an easy work pace
how does a direct leader relate to others?
- tells people what to do
- tells them to get going now
- directs attention towards finish line
how does a spirited leader relate to others?
- inspires people to think of new ideas
- generates excitement in others
- rallies troops
how does a considerate leader relate to others?
- asks for input
- listens actively
- provides support
how does a systemic leader relate to others?
- asks people to be thorough
- requests what others think before acting
- directs attention towards data
what is the result of a direct leader?
job gets done NOW
what is the result of a spirited leader?
people align themselves behind a vision
what is the result of a considerate leader?
the group sticks together
what is the result of a systemic leader?
high standards, objectivity and accuracy are maintained
what are traits of a direct leader?
- produces results quickly
- gets people moving
- takes charge no matter how challenging the situation
what are traits of a spirited leader?
- inspires others to develop new approaches
- creates a fun atmosphere
- rallies support
what are traits of a systemic leader?
- makes decisions based on facts
- asks for specific details
- is analytical
what are traits of a considerate leader?
- listens actively
- work cohesively with others
- considers other’s feelings
when is a direct team leader least effective?
- situations requiring careful planning
- situations that require tact, and sensitivity to other’s feelings
when is a spirited team leader least effective?
- in urgent situations in which deadlines must be met
- situations where long-term planning is vital
when is a systemic team leader least effective?
-in situations requiring quick decision making or flexibility
when is a considerate team leader least effective?
- in situations requiring quick adjustments because of unforeseen changes
- situations in which the need to take charge of others is critical
when is a direct team leader most effective?
in crisis or rapidly changing situations in which bold action and quick decisions are required
when is a spirited team leader most effective?
in situations in which people need to be motivated to develop innovative ideas
when is a systemic team leader most effective?
in situations requiring in-depth decision-making
when is a considerate team leader most effective?
in sensitive situations requiring patience, tact and diplomacy
what is the locus of learning for a behaviourist?
stimuli in external enviro
what is the locus of learning for a cognitivist?
internal cognitive structuring
what is the locus of learning for a humanist?
affective and cognitive needs
what is the learning process of a behaviourist?
behavioural change
what is the learning process of a cognitivist?
internal mental processing
what is the learning process of a humanist?
personal act to fulfil potential
what is the locus of learning for social and situational?
relationship between people and the enviro
what is the learning process of social and situational?
interaction/observation in social contexts; communities of practice
what is the purpose in the education of a behaviourist?
produce behavioural change in desired direction
what is the purpose in the education of a cognitivist?
develop capacity and skills to learn better
what is the purpose in the education of a humanist?
become self-actualised, autonomous
what is the purpose in the education of social and situational?
full participation in community of practice
what are some differences between child and adult learners?
- children rely on others to determine what is important to learn whereas adults decide themselves
- adults expect learning to be immediately useful whereas children don’t
- adults have experience
what are some strengths of problem based learning?
- develops info management skills/critical reasoning and problem solving
- promotes active learning
what are some challenges of problem based learning?
- time and role management
- info access
- preferred by those with convergent learning style
what are the four types of learning style models?
- individual personality characteristics
- the way learners interact in a classroom or learning enviro
- instructional preference
- the way people process info
what is the Myers-Briggs Type Inventory?
psychological test aimed at identifying personality preferences
what four dichotomies does the Myers-Briggs. Type Inventory test of personality assess?
- introversion/extraversion
- sensing/intuition
- thinking/feeling
- judging/perceiving
what does the Myers-Briggs Type Inventory find?
the preferred way of receiving and processing info
what are learners often described as?
- surface learners
- achievement-orientated learners
- deep learners
- active or passive
what are the four types of modes of communication in regards to instructional preference?
- visual
- aural
- read/write
- kinaesthetic
what is the kinaesthetic mode of instructional preference?
perceptual preference related to the use of experience and practise
what is the aural mode of instructional preference?
preferences for info that is spoken, they learn best from lectures, discussions etc.
what is VARK?
a questionnaire that provides users with a profile of their learning preferences. These are about the way they take-in and give-out info
what are some study strategies for linear learners?
- break down tasks into smaller chunks, work from easy to complex
- schedule tasks into smaller timer segments
what are some study strategies for hollistic learners?
- work in large blocks of time
- brainstorm
- use concept maps
- study one subject at a time
what are the stages of Lewin’s Four Stage Model?
- reflect: on what you know about the situation
- plan: how you proceed
- act: out plan
- observe: the results your actions bring
what are the four parts of the Kolb Cycle?
- concerte experience
- reflective observation
- abstract conceptualisation
- active experimentation
how do you learn by concrete experience?
learn by experiencing
how do you learn by active experimentation?
learn by doing
how do you learn by reflective observation?
learn by reflecting
how do you learn by abstract conceptualisation?
learn by thinking
what is the accomodating learning style?
in formal learning may prefer to work with others, and to test out different approaches
what is the diverging learning style?
in formal learning situations may prefer to work in groups to gather info, and to receive personalised feedback
what is the converging learning style?
in formal learning may prefer to experiment with new ideas, simulations, lab assignments and practical applications
what is the assimilating learning style?
in formal learning, may prefer lectures, readings, exploring analytical models, having time to think things through
what are four student learning strategies?
- concrete
- active
- reflective
- abstract
what is a concrete student learning strategy?
ask lecturers for concrete applications of theory, relate theories to real world etc.
what is an active student learning strategy?
discuss topics with other students in a study group, use flashcards etc.
what is a reflective student learning strategy?
choose a quiet study space, reflect on readings, consider cause and effects and write summaries
what is an abstract student learning strategy?
convert facts into concepts and link to theories
what are ways to strengthen learning style of accomodation?
- commit to objectives
- seek new opportunities
- influence and lead others
- become personally involved
what are ways to strengthen learning style of diverging?
- be sensitive to people’s values and feelings
- listen with an open mind
- gather info
what are ways to strengthen learning style of converging?
- create new ways of thinking
- experiment with new ideas
- set goals
- make decisions
what are ways to strengthen learning style of assimilating?
- organise info
- test theories and ideas
- build conceptual models
- design experiments
what does the Kolb Learning Style Inventory describe?
the way you learn and deal with ideas in a day to day situations
what are the four learning styles yielded by the Kolb Learning Style Inventory?
- diverging
- assimilating
- converging
- accomodating
what are some factors that increase risk of infection?
- age (very young and aged)
- underlying disease
- prior drug therapy
- surgery or instrumentation
what are the two types of infections?
- community acquired
- nosocominal/hospital acquired infection (HAI)
what are the main infections that can be picked up during a hospital stay?
- UTI
- wound infection
- pneumonia
- septicaemia
who is most susceptible to infection?
- very young people
- very old
- those with medical conditions
- people with defective immunity
- surgical patients
what are the modes of contact transmission of infection?
- direct
- indirect
- droplet
- air
what is a direct contact as a mode of infection transmission?
direct person to personal (faecal or oral) or physical contact between source and susceptible host
what is indirect contact as a mode of infection transmission?
personal contact of host with contaminated object (eg. dressings and needles)
what is droplet contact as a mode of infection transmission?
large particles that travel up to 1 metre and come in contact with a susceptible host (eg. coughing, sneezing or talking)
what is air contact as a mode of infection transmission?
droplet nuclei, or residue or evaporated droplets suspended in air or carried on dust particles
what are examples of infections caused by direct contact mode of transmission?
- hepatitis A
- herpes
what are examples of infections caused by indirect contact mode of transmission?
- hepatitis B
- staphylococcus
what are examples of infections caused by droplet contact mode of transmission?
- measles
- influenza
- rubella
what are examples of infections caused by air contact mode of transmission?
- mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)
- chicken pox
what are vehicles for infection?
contaminated items eg. water, drugs, solutions,
blood, food
what are the two types of vectors?
external mechanical transfer and internal transmission
what is an external mechanical transfer vector?
flies
what is an internal transmission vector?
such a parasitic conditions between vector and host such as mosquito or louse
what are the five moments of hand hygiene?
- Before touching patient
- Before procedure
- After procedure or exposure to body fluid
- after touching patient
- after touching patient’s surroundings
what are work practices for the basic level of infection control?
- good hygiene practices
- use of protective barriers
- appropriate handling and disposal of sharps and other contaminated waste
- use of a septic techniques
what are extra precautions for droplet/airborne/contact?
- private rooms or 1m between
- mask
- limit movement and transport
- combine same infection in one area
- specialised filtration system
what is manual handling?
any activity requiring the use of force exerted by a person to lift, lower, push, pull, carry or otherwise move, hold or restrain an object or person
what is a musculoskeletal disorder?
refers to physical injuries resulting from manual handling
what are some responsibilities of the employer?
- provide safe working enviro
- undertake risk management
- consult with employees
what are some responsibilities of the employee?
- no shortcuts
- report hazards and incidents
- use equip when appropriate
- comply with policies
what are the key features of safe patient handling policy (ANMF)?
- clients encouraged to move themselves
- hoists for total body lifting
- staff trained
- manual lifting all or significant proportions of body weight eliminated
when is it acceptable to manually lift all or a significant proportion of a client’s body weight?
in exceptional or life threatening circumstances only
what are four steps of risk management?
- identify hazards
- risk assessment (tile)
- control risk
- evaluate
what does T.I.L.E stand for in risk assessment?
- task
- individual
- load
- enviro
what are characteristics of tasks that involve hazardous manual handling?
-repetitive or sustained awkward position/movement/force
-high force
etc.
what are some safe handling principles?
- stretch/warm up
- maintain stable base
- brace core
- use weight transferring techniques
- use large muscles
- hold object close
what are some weight transferring body position techniques?
- semi squat
- sidelunge
- forwards/backwards lunge (walk stance)
for manual handling equip what are some important things for you?
- be trained
- use appropriate equip
- check safe working load sufficient
- check if item is working correctly
what are some manual handling equip examples?
- adjustable beds
- hoist
- slide sheets
- wheelchair and mobility aids
what are some unsafe techniques for manual handling?
- bear hug
- cradle lift
- underarm/hook lift
- shoulder lift
- top and tail lift
