class test 2 (week 5-8) Flashcards
what are the uses for data in the SPSS?
> management
> analysis
> storage
what does data management in the SPSS refer to?
- defining variables
- coding values
- entering and editing data
- creating new variables
- recording variables
- selecting cases
what does data analysis statistics refer to in the SPSS?
- univariate stats
- bivariate stats
- multivariate stats
what are the two screens on the data editor on the SPSS?
> data view: previous screen
> variable view: used to define variables
what are the 10 characteristics used to define a variable in variable view?
Name Type Width Decimals Labels Values Missing Columns Align Measure
what occurs in the data entry process?
- define your variables in variable view
- enter data, the values of the variables, in data view
what is name as a characteristic to define a variable in variable view?
-each variable must have a unique name of not more than 8 characters and starting with a latter
what are some things to remember when using names as a characteristic in variable view?
try to give meaningful names
what are the two formats for type as a characteristic to define a variable in variable view?
internal and output formats
what do internal formats as a type of variable characteristic refer to?
> numeric
> string (alphanumeric)
> date
what do output formats as a type of variable characteristic refer to?
> comma > dot > scientific notation > dollar > custom currency
what are numeric variables?
numeric measurements and codes
what do string (alphanumeric) variable contain?
words or characters; strings can include numbers but, taken here as characters, mathematical operations cannot be applied to them
what is the max size of a string variable?
255 characters
what are labels for variables?
-descriptors for the variables
what is the maximum amount of characters for labels of variables?
-maximum 255 characters
when are labels used for variables?
output
what are values of variables?
- value labels are descriptors of the categories of a variable
- coding
what are the options for missing values and variables?
> up to 3 discrete missing values
> a range of missing values plus one discrete missing value
what are columns of variables in data view?
-columns sets the amount of space reserved to display the contents of the variable
what does align set in data view of variables?
whether the contents of the variable appear on the left, centre or right of the cell in data view
are numeric variables right or left hand justified by default in data view?
right-hand
are string variables right or left hand justified by default in data view?
left-hand
what are the levels of measurement?
> nominal
> ordinal
> interval
> ratio
in SPSS where are interval and ratio levels of measurement designated?
designated together at scale
what is the default measurement level fro string variables?
nominal
what is the numeric measurement level fro string variables?
scale
wat is an interview transcript?
written record of an interview that has been transcribed from the verbal conversation
what are the benefits of transcribing?
> aids data familiarisation
> opportunity to reflect on interviewing style
> record emotional expression noted during the interview
what does confidentiality focus on dealing with?
participant identity
how can researchers practice confidentiality?
-interview transcripts use a pseudonym, change names of organisation, places and other people mentioned
what is re-identifiable data?
identifying info is removed from data and replaced with code so they can be re-identified
what is the iterative process in qual data analysis?
moving between data collection and analysis
what is inductive process in qual data analysis?
looking for patterns or themes in data rather than imposing ideas onto the data
what are some important parts of qual data analysis?
- make constant comparisons within and across interviews
- move from raw data to codes, subcategories, categories and finally themes
- draw well support conclusions based on data collected to answer research question
what are some types of methods of qual data analysis?
> content
> thematic
> discourse
what are some examples of approaches to data analysis for qual research designs?
> narrative analysis
> grounded theory methodology
> interpretive phenomenological analysis
what is thematic analysis?
-method for identifying, analysing and reporting patterns/themes within data
what is involved in the process of thematic analysis?
> familiarising oneself with data
> breaking the data into codes
> grouping similar codes together to form categories with associated subcategories
> define categories and associated subcategories
> group categories together form themes
what are the 4 steps of thematic analysis?
- data familarisation
- generating initial codes
- developing categories
- generating themes
what is involved in the data familiarisation step of thematic analysis?
undertake an initial quick read of each interview transcript and record initial response to data
what is involved in the generating initial codes step of thematic analysis?
code each interview transcript by writing a summary word or phrase that captures key idea foe each line or sentence within transcript
what is involved in the generating initial codes step of thematic analysis?
code each interview transcript by writing a summary word or phrase that captures key idea for each line or sentence within transcript
what is involved in the developing categories step of thematic analysis?
- re-read transcripts with initial codes looking for similarities/differences within single interview and across all interviews
- begin by grouping initial codes
- develop hierarchy system of categories and subcategories
what is involved in the developing themes step of thematic analysis?
focuses on examining relationships between each of the categories developed and how they might be grouped too fit under overall theme
what are some tips for initial coding?
- keep codes close to participant words/or use their words (in-vivo codes)
- use active language
what are some tips for coding sub-categories and categories?
- subcategories must relate to category under which they fall
- not all participants will have info that fits into all categories/subcategories
- participants might have differing views on same topic this can provide Moore complete understanding of sub-categories
what are some trustworthiness strategies?
- field notes
- audit trail
- triangulation
- member checking
- peer review
- prolonged engagement
- reflexivity
- thick description
what is the idea of probability?
everyone in pop will have the opportunity to have data collected
what are the three categories of non-respondents?
- data collection procedures do not reach, not giving them chance to answer questions
- asked to provide data who refuse to do so
- unable to perform task or provide info needed
how is the response rate calculated?
number of people responding divided by number of people sampled
what is the response rate usually reported as?
% of a selected sample where data was collected or completion rat
will completion rates be lower or higher than response rates?
higher
how is non-response to surveys based?
non-respondents are systemically different from the whole pop
what is the response rates of mailed surveys?
5% to 20%
are response rates higher or lower in rural compared to city?
higher
what do acceptable response rates range from?
15-75%
what are some drawbacks of mailed surveys in regard to response rates?
- people more interested in topic likely to return= bias
- better educated people often send back more quickly
what time of the day will telephone survey information be more distinctive
f data is collected between 9am and 5 pm on Sunday > Thursday
what are groups the tend to be under-represented in surveys?
> unemployed > single > recent migrant > inner city areas > low income > low education > don’t speak English
what are two issues that must be addressed to achieve high rates of response?
Gaining access to the selected individuals
Enlisting their cooperation
how do you approach increasing response rate due to lack of availability for telephone surveys?
- make numerous calls during evening and weekend
- 6 to 10 calls per household often needed
- have interviewers with flexible schedules to make it convenient to respondents
how can you increase response rate by enlisting cooperation?
- send info letter in advance
- effectively present purpose
- ensure respondents are not threatened
- effective interviewers
what amount of people who initially refuse to survey involvement later agree?
approx .25 to .33
what can help increase response rate of mailed surveys?
- look more professional or personalised
- clear layout
- questions should be attractively spaced, easy to read and uncluttered
- tasks should be easy to do
- responses should be a check box, circle a number or other simple task
what is the process of sending out a mailed survey to increase response rate?
- about 10 days later mail reminder
- about 10 days after reminder send out reminder letter to emphasise importance
- last step if to contact respondents by telephone or email
what is a way to track who has or hasn’t responded to mailed survey?
an identification number can be written on questionnaire or return envelope
-good practice to tell them what number is for
how can we enhance response rate of internet surveys?
make task easy, repeating contacts, using more than one mode to contact respondents and offering alternative modes of responding for this who don’t initially respond appear to maximise rates
what are three approaches to minimise resulting error when correcting nonresponse?
- Using proxy respondents
- Doing stat adjustments
- Re-surveying sample of non-respondents
how are proxy respondents utilised to enhance response rate?
- many surveys collect data from one household respondent about other members
- if respondent is unable/unwilling to be interviewed asking another household member to report is an option
what type of information gathering is proxy respondents appropriate for?
factual but no subjective info
what are some things to take into account when planning your analysis?
budget, personnel, timeline, topic, target audience
what is the formatting technique for quant data?
> must quantify data
> convert (data reduce) from collection format into numeric database
what is the formatting technique for qual data?
> must process data (type/enter-describe)
> convert from audio/video to text
what is the formatting process of a quant and qual combination technique?
> process each element as appropriate
what are types of quant data analysis?
> counts, frequencies, tallies
> stat analyses ( as appropriate)
what are types of qual data analysis?
> coding, categories
> patterns, themes, theory building
what are types of qual and quant combination data analysis?
> process each element as appropriate
what are types of qual and quant combination data analysis?
> process each element as appropriate
what must occur before analysis?
must quantify data