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Conservation > Class Test 1 > Flashcards

Class Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the Allee Effect

A

It occurs in small or sparse populations and is characterized as a positive correlation between population size and mean individual fitness of the population.

A strong Allee effect can cause critical population sizes.

Allee effects can be caused by a variety of mechanisms which affect reproduction and survival. E.g mate limitation

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2
Q

Who was dubbed “The father of conservation”?

A

Aldo Leopold

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3
Q

What three aspects make up the ‘Conservation Triangle’?

A

Politics and society (Ethics); Management (Physical) and Conservation Biology (Science)

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4
Q

Define ‘Biodiversity’

A

The variety among living organisms from all sources, including diversity within a species, between species and in an ecosystem.

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5
Q

What are the three levels of biodiversity?

A
  1. Genetic diversity
  2. Species diversity
  3. Community diversity
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6
Q

What are three consequences of the loss of biodiversity?

A
  1. Interbreeding depression
  2. Loss of individual populations
  3. Reduced potential to evolve
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7
Q

What are the three concepts for the definition of a species? And what is their general statement?

A
  1. The Biological Species Concept - Species are defined by reproductive isolation
  2. Phenetic Species Concept - Species are defined by mophological similarities
  3. Phylogenetic Species Concept - Species are defined by the smallest visible monophyletic group
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8
Q

What are the three types of species diversity? And what do they each measure?

A
  1. Alpha diversity - measure species richness at one site
  2. Beta diversity - measure of diversity gradient between sites
  3. Gamma diversity - measure of the rate of diversity change in the whole ecosystem
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9
Q

What are three consequences of population growth?

A
  1. Increased need for space
  2. Increased need for resources
  3. Increased waste
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10
Q

When was the 6th mass extinction? And what were the two possible causes?

A

During the Pleistocene and the beginning of the Holocene.

Two possible causes were - human activity and environmental change

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11
Q

What was the cause of island extinctions?

A

Humans

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12
Q

What were two of the environmental changes which could have caused ancient continental extinctions?

A

Glacial retreat and the Younger Dryas event

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13
Q

Name four types of human activity which is affecting the environment, ecosystems and diversity

A
  1. Agriculture
  2. Industrialisation
  3. Urbinisation and sprawl
  4. International traffic and trade
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14
Q

Define ‘over-exploitation’

A

The non-sustainable use of a resource to the point of deminishable return

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15
Q

Explain the concept of ‘economic drive’

A

A market is established and begins to make profit…
increased interest in the market due to profit….
increased exploitation of the resource….
stocks collapse…..
move on to new resource.

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16
Q

What are three examples of over-exploitation?

A
  1. Whaling
  2. Over-fishing
  3. Trade in wildlife products
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17
Q

What does CITES stand for?

A

Convention on international trade in endangered species

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18
Q

What are the three appendices of the CITES and what do they entail?

A

Appendix I: trade in these products is not permitted
Appendix II: trade in these products is strictly limited
Appendix III: trade in these products is monitered

19
Q

Define ‘Autogenic engineers’

A

Vegetation or some animals which create habitats for other species

20
Q

Define ‘Allogenic ecosystem engineers’

A

Animals which drastically change a habitat

21
Q

Define ‘Deterministic extinction’

A

When the entire habitat is destroyed and no species or communities remain (rare)

22
Q

Define ‘Stochastic extinction’

A

When the habitat is only partially destroyed and increases chance of extinction

23
Q

What are the three patterns of habitat fragmentation? Name an example for each.

A
  1. Patches (e.g logging in Bolivia)
  2. Waves (e.g agricultural clearing in the Amazon)
  3. Dissection (e.g motorways in Britain)
24
Q

Name at least 3 effects of habitat fragmentation on populations

A 
More isolation
Demographic stochasticity 
Reduced fitness (Allee effect)
Genetic stochasticity (genetic drift and loss of diversity)
Metapopulation dynamics
25
Q

What is the BDFFP and what did it discover?

A

Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project

They discovered the Edge Effect

26
Q

What is the ‘Edge Effect’?

A

Edges are different to interior habitats, there is increased invasion, altered climate and increased passive emigration. Increased edges leads to changes in species community.

27
Q

Define ‘Biomagnification’

A

The accumulation of a substance during a lifetime and within a food chain

28
Q

Define two chemicals which demonstrated biomagnification and state where they came from

A

DDT - in pesticides

PCB - in fridges and freezers

29
Q

What are three traits of an invasive species?

A
  1. High reproduction rate
  2. Good dispersal
  3. Low specialisation
30
Q

What are five traits of a community which makes is more likely to be invaded?

A
  1. In early stages of succession with empty niches
  2. Low diversity
  3. Low stability
  4. Remote
  5. Naive to predators
31
Q

Name some examples of invasion in nature

A 
Harlequin Ladybirds
Ruddy ducks
Crayfish
Lampreys
Zebra Muscles
32
Q

Describe what a ‘protected area’ is

A

An area which is specially dedicated to the protection and management of biological diversity

33
Q

What is the WCPA?

A

The World Commission on Protected Areas

34
Q

What is the IUCN?

A

The International Union for the Conservation of Nature

35
Q

What does IUCN protected area category Ia stand for?

A

Strict nature reserve - for science only

36
Q

What does IUCN protected area category Ib stand for?

A

Wilderness area

37
Q

What does IUCN protected area category II stand for?

A

National Park

38
Q

What does IUCN protected area category III stand for?

A

Natural monument

39
Q

What does IUCN protected area category IV stand for?

A

Habitat/species management area

40
Q

What does IUCN protected area category V stand for?

A

Protected Landscape/seascape

41
Q

What does IUCN protected area category VI stand for?

A

Managed resource protected area

42
Q

Give an example of an Ia protected area

A

Aldabra Atoll, Seychelles

43
Q

Give an examples of an II protected area

A

Kaziranga National Park, India

44
Q

Give an example of a V protected area

A

Snowdonia National Park, Wales

Conservation (3 decks)

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