class notes heart&vessels

Question 1

what vessel brings venous blood up from the liver to the right atrium

Answer 1

Inferior vena cava

Question 2

Superior vena cava brings venous blood where?

Answer 2

down from the head and upper extremities to the right atrium

Question 3

Venous blood flows is:

Answer 3

From right atrium 
to tricuspid valve 
to right ventricle
through pulmonic valve 
to pulmonary artery		   
to lungs

Question 4

where is the blood oxygenated?

Answer 4

lungs

Question 5

Fresh blood flows is:

Answer 5

Through pulmonary veins 
to left atrium
through mitral valve 
to left ventricle
through aortic valve into aorta

Question 6

what does the aorta do?

Answer 6

Aorta delivers oxygenated blood to the body

Question 7

Cardiac cycle has how many cycles?

Answer 7

has two cycles– diastole/systole

Question 8

what happen in the diastole cycle?

Answer 8

ventricles relax, fill with blood

Question 9

what happens in the systole cycle?

Answer 9

heart contracts
blood pumped from ventricles &
fills pulmonary and systemic arteries.

Question 10

where can you hear S1?

Answer 10

S1 (normal) – can be heard all over pericordium,

*loudest at APEX

Question 11

where can you hear S2?

Answer 11

S2(normal) – can be heart all over pericordium,

*loudest at BASE

Question 12

where can you hear S3?

Answer 12

S3 ( normal or abnormal)- can be heard at apex or left lower sternal border

Question 13

When can S4 occur?

Answer 13

S4 (could occur in adults older than 40 without cardiovascular disease, especially after exercise.

Question 14

What is the process to assess heart sounds during auscultation over precordium?

Answer 14

Auscultate from base of heart to apex in zig zag formation over four valve areas (aortic, pulmonic, tricuspid, mitral)

Question 15

What does heart murmur sound like?

Answer 15

Gentle, blowing, swooshing sound heard on the chest wall

Question 16

What are the characteristics of heart sounds?

Answer 16

Frequency
Intensity
Duration
Timing

Question 17

The heart pumps how many liters of blood per minute throughout the body in a resting adult?

Answer 17

4 – 6

Question 18

where is the carotid artery located?

Answer 18

Carotid artery is located between the trachea and the sternomastoid muscle

Question 19

what should the carotid artery feel like on palpation?

Answer 19

Should feel soft and pliable

Question 20

During auscultation what can a bruit sound like?

Answer 20

heard as blowing or swishing sound

Question 21

how would a bruit sound differently when atherosclerosis worsens?

Answer 21

Bruits get louder as atherosclerosis worsens,

when totally occluded bruit will disappear

Question 22

what is the major cause of stroke?

Answer 22

Major cause of stroke is carotid artery stenosis

Question 23

what is hemorrhagic stroke often related to?

Answer 23

to hypertension

Question 24

Ischemic stroke often related to?

Answer 24

atherosclerosis

Question 25

where does the jugular vein empty unoxygenated blood into?

Answer 25

superior vena cava

Question 26

If heart failure is present, pressure in the jugular vein will look like:

Answer 26

be elevated more than 3 cm above the sternal angle while patient is at 45 degree angle.

Question 27

Aging adults blood pressure changes how?

Answer 27

Aging adult have increase in systolic blood pressure

Question 28

Aging adult change in heart rate/rhythm:

Answer 28

No change in resting heart rate

Dysrhythmias increase with age

Question 29

Stage I hypertension:

Answer 29

Stage I – 140/90 or currently taking antihypertensive medication

Question 30

hypertension and gender:

Answer 30

More men than women until age 45
From age 45 – 64 the same amount of men and women
From age 64 more women than men

Question 31

hypertension and oral contraceptives:

Answer 31

Two to three times more common in women taking oral contraceptives

Question 32

Smoking – still the leading cause of these 3 things in US:

Answer 32

preventable disease, disability and death in the United States

Question 33

Nicotine increases the risk of:

Answer 33

heart attack and stroke

Question 34

Diabetes (II) causes damage to:

Answer 34

large vessels that nourish brain, heart, extremities

(results in Stroke, CAD, and Peripheral vascular disease.

Question 35

cardiac edema characteristics:

Answer 35

usually bilateral, is worse in the evening and better in the morning