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Intro to Neuroscience > Class notes 2-4 > Flashcards

Class notes 2-4 Flashcards

1
Q

alteration of a structure or function to see how behavior is altered (ex: administer a hormone, stimulate brain region electrically)

A

somatic intervention

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2
Q

intervention in a behavior to see how structure or function is altered

A

behavioral intervention

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3
Q

formed by protein strands- rapidly transport stuff from the soma to the terminal

A

cytoskeleton

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4
Q

compares how much a body measure varies with a behavioral measure (high is 0.9, low is around 0.1)

A

correlation

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5
Q

the behavior being studied must be systematically detailed

A

systematic description of behavior

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6
Q

the 2 methods to break down complex behaviors/disorders at various levels

A

reductionism, levels of analysis

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7
Q

breaking down a system into increasingly smaller parts to understand it

A

reductionism

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8
Q

the scope of an experimental approach- large scale to molecular level (ex: social level, organ level, neural systems level, brain region, circuit level, cellular level, molecular level)

A

levels of analysis

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9
Q

direct relevance of research findings, opportunity to study complex topics and behaviors

A

benefits of human research

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10
Q

uncertainty of measures, non-invasive techniques

A

disadvantage of human research

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11
Q

great control over experimental situation, deeper understanding of processes

A

benefits of animal research

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12
Q

uncertainty over relevance to human application, animal behavior becomes less translatable as it becomes more complex

A

disadvantages of animal research

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13
Q

the nuremborg code (human experimentation and consent), u.s. law

A

informed consent

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14
Q

confounding variables and co-morbidity, control groups

A

studying clinical populations and ethical considerations

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15
Q

speeds up the messages between two neurons; produced by glial cells

A

myelin sheath

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16
Q

the gaps between myelin

A

nodes of rainvier

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17
Q

introducing radioactive label to compounds in brain like glucose or oxygen
radioactive labels decay in a characteristic way, giving off sub-atomic particles
more active areas of the brain use more blood and thus have more radioactive labels

A

positron emission tomography (PET)

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18
Q

placed in a large and powerful magnet
fMRI can measure changes in hemoglobin + which brain areas are using the most oxygen during any given task
more oxygen= more activity

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

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19
Q

provides manipulation of brain activityhelp he’s going too fast

A

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

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20
Q

assesses the extent of impariment to a particular skill/process
determines area of the brain which may have been damaged

A

neuropsychological evalutation

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21
Q

Which type of research is most likely to have more invasive techniques?

A

animal research

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22
Q

Which of the following diseases have NOT had discoveries through animal research?
a. parkinson’s
b. zika virus
c. alzheimer’s
d. all of the above

A

D. all of the above

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23
Q

a key psychological concept that is used to train or “shape” behavior

A

conditioning

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24
Q

perfusion, fixation, sectioning (cryostat or microtome- 10-80 um thin)
staining with nissl to see myelin

A

histology tings

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25
Q

luxol fast blue stain

A

specific stain for seeing myelin
used to identify demylenation in cells

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26
Q

“moving forward” or towards the axon terminal synapse

A

antergrade

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27
Q

anterograde is inserted into the

A

cell body

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28
Q

moving backward

A

retrograde

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29
Q

chemical takeun up by the terminal button and transported back through the axons to the cell body

A

flurogold

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30
Q

the study of electrical properties of individuals cells of whole tissue

A

electrophysiology

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31
Q

this allows for irreversible inactivation of specific genes

A

gene knockout

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32
Q

introducing artifical gene seqeunces to an embryonic stem cell allows one to study

A

the effect of specific genes on behaviors throughout development and lifetime

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33
Q

action potential arrives at the ________ ___ ______

A

presynaptic axon terminal

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34
Q

voltage-gated calcium channels in the terminal membrane open and _____ ____ enter

A

calcium ions (Ca2+)

35
Q

Ca2+ ions cause ________ ______ filled with neurotransmitters to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and rupture, releasing _______ into the synaptic cleft

A

synaptic vesicles; transmiters

36
Q

AP depolarization opens voltage gated _____ channels and ___ rushes into the presynapse

A

Ca2+; Ca2+

37
Q

Ca2+ ions that enter the ________ ______ cause neurotransmitter- filled synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane + rupture releasting transmitters into the synpatic cleft

A

presynaptic terminal

38
Q

transmitters bind to _______ ______ ______

A

postsynaptic receptor molecules

39
Q

the transmitters binding to postsynaptic receptor molecules cause ion channels to open leading to either an _______ _______ ______ or a _______ _________ ______

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential; inhibitory postsynaptic potential

40
Q

EPSPs or ISPs spread toward the postsynaptic _____ _____

A

axon hillcock

41
Q

threshold depolarization

A

-40 mV

42
Q

a _______ ______ allows an action potential to initiate

A

threshold depolarization

43
Q

synaptic transmission is brief and accurately represents the activity of the _______ ____

A

presynaptic cell

44
Q

presynaptic receptors that decrease transmitter release

A

cannabinoids

45
Q

the delay between an action potential reaching the axon terminal and creating a postsynaptic potential

A

synaptic delay

46
Q

molecules that fit into receptors and activate or block them

A

ligands

47
Q

the postsynaptic receptors determine the _____ of the transmitter

A

action

48
Q

ACh can be excitatory opening __ and ___ channels or inhibitory opening __ channels

A

Na+, K+, Cl-

49
Q

antagonists which block ACh receptors

A

curare and bungarotoxin

50
Q

which drug can mimic ACh on receptors, acting like the agonist of the transmitter

A

nicotine

51
Q

cholinergic reactions? help

A
52
Q

transmitter action is brief and halted by _______ and ______

A

degradation; reuptake

53
Q

the rapid breakdown and inactivation of transmitter by an enzyme

A

degradation

54
Q

an enzyme that breaks down ACh and recycles it

A

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

55
Q

transmitter is absorbed back into the presynaptic axon terminal

A

reuptake

56
Q

special receptors that bring the transmitter back inside

A

transporters

57
Q

4 types of synapses: Axo-dendritic, axo-somatic, axo-axonic, and _____-_____

A

dendro-dendritic

58
Q

the axon terminal synapses on a dendrite

A

axo-dendritic

59
Q

synapse between axon and cell body (soma)

A

axo -somatic

60
Q

synapse between two axons

A

axo-axonic

61
Q

synapse between two dendrites

A

dendro-dendritic

62
Q

the knee jerk reflex is an example of a _____ _______

A

reflex circuit

63
Q

sensory and motor axons of the circuit are _______ and large

A

myelinated

64
Q

sensory cells synapse ______ onto motoneurons (monosynaptic-fast)

A

directly

65
Q

the central synapse and ___________ _____ are fast synapses

A

neuromuscular junction (NMJ) (neurons that make you move)

66
Q

a recording of spontaneous brain potentials (brain waves)

A

electroencephalogram (EEG)

67
Q

EEG responses to a single stimulus, such as a flash of light or loud sound; have distinctive shapes and time delay

A

event-related potentials (ERPs)

68
Q

EEG recordings can distinguish between _____ _____ and provide data for _______ ______ ________

A

sleep states; diagnosing seizure disorders

69
Q

activity tends to be desynchronized across regions

A

in a normal brain

70
Q

a brain disorder characterized by seizures

A

epilepsy

71
Q

a wave of abnormally synchronous electrical activity in the brain

A

seizure

72
Q

3 types of seizures: grand mal seizure, petit mal seizure, and _____ _____ _____

A

complex partial seizures

73
Q

abnormal EEG activity throughout the brain, and tonic-clonic epileptic movements

A

grand mal seizure

74
Q

brain waves show patterns of seizure activity for 5 to 15 seconds, may occur several times a day; patient seems to be suddenly daydreaming and doesn’t remember period of absence

A

petit mal seizure

75
Q

do not involve entire brain, often preceded by an unusual sensation, or aura

A

complex partial seizures

76
Q

anti-epileptic medications can control ______ _____

A

seizure disorders

77
Q

if meds don’t work for epileptic patients, neurosurgeon may remove

A

a part of the brain of an awake patient

78
Q

Electrical stimulation of the cortex can

A

help determine the origin of the seizures, so only that region will be removed

79
Q

pioneer in this technique of removing seizures-sensitive brain regions

A

Wilder Penfield

80
Q

body function is organized and mapped on the brain

A

the homunculus

81
Q

according to the homonculus, the body surface is mapped onto the _______ ___________ ______ and the _______ ______ ______

A

primary somatosensory cortex; primary motor cortex

82
Q

the body’s immune system produces antibodies that attack one or more types of myelin.

A

multiple sclerosis

83
Q

significantly damaged myelin sheaths lead to ______ ______ along axons which results because of failure of saltatory conduction

A

poor conduction

84
Q

Confusing variety of motor and sensory symptoms
Blurred vision
Tingling sensations
Difficulty coordinating walking
Fatigue

A

symptoms of multiple sclerosis- wax and wane but the condition worsens over time

Intro to Neuroscience (2 decks)

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