Class notes 2-4 Flashcards
alteration of a structure or function to see how behavior is altered (ex: administer a hormone, stimulate brain region electrically)
somatic intervention
intervention in a behavior to see how structure or function is altered
behavioral intervention
formed by protein strands- rapidly transport stuff from the soma to the terminal
cytoskeleton
compares how much a body measure varies with a behavioral measure (high is 0.9, low is around 0.1)
correlation
the behavior being studied must be systematically detailed
systematic description of behavior
the 2 methods to break down complex behaviors/disorders at various levels
reductionism, levels of analysis
breaking down a system into increasingly smaller parts to understand it
reductionism
the scope of an experimental approach- large scale to molecular level (ex: social level, organ level, neural systems level, brain region, circuit level, cellular level, molecular level)
levels of analysis
direct relevance of research findings, opportunity to study complex topics and behaviors
benefits of human research
uncertainty of measures, non-invasive techniques
disadvantage of human research
great control over experimental situation, deeper understanding of processes
benefits of animal research
uncertainty over relevance to human application, animal behavior becomes less translatable as it becomes more complex
disadvantages of animal research
the nuremborg code (human experimentation and consent), u.s. law
informed consent
confounding variables and co-morbidity, control groups
studying clinical populations and ethical considerations
speeds up the messages between two neurons; produced by glial cells
myelin sheath
the gaps between myelin
nodes of rainvier
introducing radioactive label to compounds in brain like glucose or oxygen
radioactive labels decay in a characteristic way, giving off sub-atomic particles
more active areas of the brain use more blood and thus have more radioactive labels
positron emission tomography (PET)
placed in a large and powerful magnet
fMRI can measure changes in hemoglobin + which brain areas are using the most oxygen during any given task
more oxygen= more activity
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
provides manipulation of brain activityhelp he’s going too fast
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
assesses the extent of impariment to a particular skill/process
determines area of the brain which may have been damaged
neuropsychological evalutation
Which type of research is most likely to have more invasive techniques?
animal research
Which of the following diseases have NOT had discoveries through animal research?
a. parkinson’s
b. zika virus
c. alzheimer’s
d. all of the above
D. all of the above
a key psychological concept that is used to train or “shape” behavior
conditioning
perfusion, fixation, sectioning (cryostat or microtome- 10-80 um thin)
staining with nissl to see myelin
histology tings
luxol fast blue stain
specific stain for seeing myelin
used to identify demylenation in cells
“moving forward” or towards the axon terminal synapse
antergrade
anterograde is inserted into the
cell body
moving backward
retrograde
chemical takeun up by the terminal button and transported back through the axons to the cell body
flurogold
the study of electrical properties of individuals cells of whole tissue
electrophysiology
this allows for irreversible inactivation of specific genes
gene knockout
introducing artifical gene seqeunces to an embryonic stem cell allows one to study
the effect of specific genes on behaviors throughout development and lifetime
action potential arrives at the ________ ___ ______
presynaptic axon terminal
voltage-gated calcium channels in the terminal membrane open and _____ ____ enter
calcium ions (Ca2+)
Ca2+ ions cause ________ ______ filled with neurotransmitters to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and rupture, releasing _______ into the synaptic cleft
synaptic vesicles; transmiters
AP depolarization opens voltage gated _____ channels and ___ rushes into the presynapse
Ca2+; Ca2+
Ca2+ ions that enter the ________ ______ cause neurotransmitter- filled synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane + rupture releasting transmitters into the synpatic cleft
presynaptic terminal
transmitters bind to _______ ______ ______
postsynaptic receptor molecules
the transmitters binding to postsynaptic receptor molecules cause ion channels to open leading to either an _______ _______ ______ or a _______ _________ ______
excitatory postsynaptic potential; inhibitory postsynaptic potential
EPSPs or ISPs spread toward the postsynaptic _____ _____
axon hillcock
threshold depolarization
-40 mV
a _______ ______ allows an action potential to initiate
threshold depolarization
synaptic transmission is brief and accurately represents the activity of the _______ ____
presynaptic cell
presynaptic receptors that decrease transmitter release
cannabinoids
the delay between an action potential reaching the axon terminal and creating a postsynaptic potential
synaptic delay
molecules that fit into receptors and activate or block them
ligands
the postsynaptic receptors determine the _____ of the transmitter
action
ACh can be excitatory opening __ and ___ channels or inhibitory opening __ channels
Na+, K+, Cl-
antagonists which block ACh receptors
curare and bungarotoxin
which drug can mimic ACh on receptors, acting like the agonist of the transmitter
nicotine
cholinergic reactions? help
transmitter action is brief and halted by _______ and ______
degradation; reuptake
the rapid breakdown and inactivation of transmitter by an enzyme
degradation
an enzyme that breaks down ACh and recycles it
acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
transmitter is absorbed back into the presynaptic axon terminal
reuptake
special receptors that bring the transmitter back inside
transporters
4 types of synapses: Axo-dendritic, axo-somatic, axo-axonic, and _____-_____
dendro-dendritic
the axon terminal synapses on a dendrite
axo-dendritic
synapse between axon and cell body (soma)
axo -somatic
synapse between two axons
axo-axonic
synapse between two dendrites
dendro-dendritic
the knee jerk reflex is an example of a _____ _______
reflex circuit
sensory and motor axons of the circuit are _______ and large
myelinated
sensory cells synapse ______ onto motoneurons (monosynaptic-fast)
directly
the central synapse and ___________ _____ are fast synapses
neuromuscular junction (NMJ) (neurons that make you move)
a recording of spontaneous brain potentials (brain waves)
electroencephalogram (EEG)
EEG responses to a single stimulus, such as a flash of light or loud sound; have distinctive shapes and time delay
event-related potentials (ERPs)
EEG recordings can distinguish between _____ _____ and provide data for _______ ______ ________
sleep states; diagnosing seizure disorders
activity tends to be desynchronized across regions
in a normal brain
a brain disorder characterized by seizures
epilepsy
a wave of abnormally synchronous electrical activity in the brain
seizure
3 types of seizures: grand mal seizure, petit mal seizure, and _____ _____ _____
complex partial seizures
abnormal EEG activity throughout the brain, and tonic-clonic epileptic movements
grand mal seizure
brain waves show patterns of seizure activity for 5 to 15 seconds, may occur several times a day; patient seems to be suddenly daydreaming and doesn’t remember period of absence
petit mal seizure
do not involve entire brain, often preceded by an unusual sensation, or aura
complex partial seizures
anti-epileptic medications can control ______ _____
seizure disorders
if meds don’t work for epileptic patients, neurosurgeon may remove
a part of the brain of an awake patient
Electrical stimulation of the cortex can
help determine the origin of the seizures, so only that region will be removed
pioneer in this technique of removing seizures-sensitive brain regions
Wilder Penfield
body function is organized and mapped on the brain
the homunculus
according to the homonculus, the body surface is mapped onto the _______ ___________ ______ and the _______ ______ ______
primary somatosensory cortex; primary motor cortex
the body’s immune system produces antibodies that attack one or more types of myelin.
multiple sclerosis
significantly damaged myelin sheaths lead to ______ ______ along axons which results because of failure of saltatory conduction
poor conduction
Confusing variety of motor and sensory symptoms
Blurred vision
Tingling sensations
Difficulty coordinating walking
Fatigue
symptoms of multiple sclerosis- wax and wane but the condition worsens over time
