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BME 333 exam 1 > Class material > Flashcards

Class material Flashcards

1
Q

draw an amine group

A

R-NH2

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2
Q

draw an alcohol group

A

R-OH

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3
Q

another name for alkene

A

olefine

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4
Q

structure of ketone

A

R2C=O

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5
Q

thiol structure

A

R-SH

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6
Q

aldehyde structure

A

RHC=O

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7
Q

amine structure

A

R-NH2

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7
Q

ester structure

A

RC=O, C-OR

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8
Q

carboxylic acid structure

A

RCOOH

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9
Q

amide structure

A

RC=O, C-NR2

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10
Q

formula for keq

A

[products]/[reactants]

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11
Q

what does keq > 1 mean

A

products favored

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12
Q

exothermic/endothermic reactions produce heat

A

exothermic reactions produce heat

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13
Q

what sign represents energy difference between products and reactants?

A

Gibbs free energy (ΔG)

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14
Q

two formula for Gibbs free energy

A
  1. ΔH - TΔS
  2. -RTln(keq)
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15
Q

do things want to be in high or low energy state

A

low energy state

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16
Q

Amino acids with nucleophile side chains

A

Cysteine, Lysine

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17
Q

Amino acids with electrophile side chains

A

DEN Q
Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine

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18
Q

Define two criteria used to determine shelf life

A
  1. 90% potency of API
  2. Product should look and perform as when first manufactured
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19
Q

3 tests used for drug stability

A
  1. Temperature
    *rxn’s double per +10C
  2. Moisture
  3. Ball milling
20
Q

Name 3 main drug degradation mechanism

A

Hydrolysis, Oxidation, Photolysis (photo degradation)

21
Q

Formulation stability concerns

A
  1. Buffer
  2. Antioxidants
  3. Excipients (anything other than API)
22
Q

Different unit cells have different _____

A

properties

23
Q

What are generic drugs and how do they differ from their brand-name counterparts?

A

Same API, same dosage, different excipients

24
Q

Define polymorph

A

Same chemical composition, different unit cell

25
Q

What sort of structures are fast-dissolving tablets?

A

Amorphous structures (no unit cell, no 3D structure). High energy state

26
Q

3 characteristics of amorphous structures

A
  1. Hydroscopic (absorb H2O)
  2. Very hard to stabilize
  3. Shorter shelf-life
27
Q

What is oxidation catalyzed by? How to prevent oxidation?

A

Fe, Cu, Light.
Add antioxidants such as vitamin C or chelators

28
Q

(T/F) formulation stability can be affected by hydrolysis and oxidation

29
Q

Product of aspirin and acetaminophen

A

salicylic acid and acetoacetaminophen

30
Q

Analysis tools (5)

A

X-ray diffraction
Differential scanning calorimetry
IR
Raman spectroscopy
NMR

31
Q

(T/F) chemical stability includes formation and breaking of bonds

32
Q

Describe process associated with physical stability of proteins

A

denaturation of proteins/aggregation

33
Q

5 factors affecting chemical stability

A

Temperature
Humidity
pH
Backbone flexibility
Neighboring amino acids

34
Q

(T/F) Deamidation and hydrolysis are different

A

False. Deamidation is a type of hydrolysis

35
Q

Opaque meaning

A

Blurry; opposite of transparent

36
Q

4 factors influencing conformational stability

A
  1. Vortex
  2. Temperature
  3. pH
  4. Other excipients
37
Q

Define isoelectric point

A

Net electrical charge = 0
pH at which protein has equal number of positive and negative charge

38
Q

pH > pI means protein is _____ charged (vice versa)

A

negatively charged (deprotonated)

39
Q

Tablets vs Capsules

A

Tablets
- cheaper to make
- more stable

40
Q

Which has better bioavailability - tablets vs capsules

A

Capsules (higher SA)

41
Q

When are capsules used?

A

When API not compatible with compression

42
Q

What filters out anything bigger than 200 nm

43
Q

What filters out anything smaller than 200 nm

44
Q

First pass effect

A

Drug gets metabolized before getting to site of action

45
Q

2 major sites of drug metabolism

A

Intestines + liver

46
Q

Mechanisms of drug transport

A
  1. Passive absorption
    - via concentration gradient
  2. Active transport
    - via peptide transporters
47
Q

Drug release formulae

A

du/dt = dv/dt*Cs

dv/dt = KA/h*D

48
Q

2 advantages of pulmonary delivery
2 disadvantages

A
  1. Lower dosage required
  2. Direct access to target organ
    -> can avoid first pass effect, lower dose
  3. Expensive
  4. Not compatible with all

BME 333 exam 1 (3 decks)

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