Class Inequalities Internal & External

Question 1

Language

Answer 1

Restricted code- used by the W.C, limited vocabulary context bound
Elaborated code- used by the M.C, teacher and tests, complex sentences, context free

Question 2

How does restricted code cause underachievement

Answer 2

Elaborated code is used by teachers and tests which makes w.c students feel excluded

The elaborated code allows m.c students to reason and express thoughts clearly which makes them feel at home

Question 3

Parents education

Answer 3

Working class parents places less value on education

Middle class parents are better educated which gives their children advantages

Question 4

Parenting style

Answer 4

M.C parents have consistent discipline and high expectations whilst W.C parents use harsh discipline which prevents their children learning self control

Question 5

Parents educational behaviour

Answer 5

Educated parents are more aware of what is needed to assist their children e.g better contact with school and better expert advice

Question 6

Use of income

Answer 6

The educated parents spend their money on ways that help their children’s educational purposes e.g resources for school

Question 7

Fatalistic

Answer 7

give up, lack enthusiasm

Question 8

Immediate gratification

Answer 8

Want rewards as soon as possible

Question 9

Present time oriented

Answer 9

Only focused on now and don’t think about the future

Question 10

Collectivism

Answer 10

Putting everyone before themselves

Question 11

Control

Answer 11

Feel like they can control their future

Question 12

Deferred gratification

Answer 12

Make sacrifices now for a better long term life

Question 13

Future oriented

Answer 13

Have an idea of what they want to be in the future

Question 14

Individualist

Answer 14

Make sure they put their needs above others

Question 15

Housing

Answer 15

Poor housing can cause illnesses due to damp and cold environments and over crowding means there is no space for education at home

Question 16

Diet and health

Answer 16

W.C parents may not be able to afford the necessary food which has the right vitamins, nutrients and minerals for energy to concentrate or even attend school

Question 17

Financial support and the cost of education

Answer 17

Families with less money don’t have the finance to afford school equipment such as uniform, books and even school trips. There fore they buy cheaper options which results in other students bullying them.

Question 18

Fear of debt

Answer 18

W.C students worry about how they are going to afford university so they do not see this as a future opportunity

Question 19

Labelling

Answer 19

School teacher judge pupils according to how they fit the ideal student. Other teachers use information about students home backgrounds and appearance to place them into separate groups. W.C schools defined students in terms of behaviour instead of skill and vice versa for a M.C school. Teachers normalise the underachievement of W.C

Question 20

S.F.P

Answer 20

A prediction that comes true simply by virtue of it having been made. Teachers will make students believe they can get a certain grade and then that student will work hard to achieve that grade.

Question 21

Streaming

Answer 21

Separating children into different groups and classes with different difficulties. M.C tend to be in a higher stream whilst W.C students are set into a lower stream where they get the message that teachers don’t expect them to do well
A-to-c economy- league tables shows how well schools do with grades so parents will choose the schools with better results

Question 22

Pupil subculture

Answer 22

A group of pupils who share similar values and behaviour patterns

Question 23

Differentiation

Answer 23

teachers categories pupils according to how the perceive ability

Question 24

Polarisation

Answer 24

Pupils respond to streaming by moving towards one of two opposite poles or extremes

Question 25

Ingratiation

Answer 25

Being the teachers pet

Question 26

Ritualism

Answer 26

Going through the motions and staying out of trouble

Question 27

Retreatism

Answer 27

Day dreaming and mucking about

Question 28

Rebellion

Answer 28

Outright rejection of everything the school stands for

Question 29

Habitus

Answer 29

comprises socially ingrained habits, skills and dispositions. It is the way that individuals perceive the social world around them and react to it.

Question 30

Symbolic capital

Answer 30

M.C get positive attention form schools and they believe they have worth and value

Question 31

Symbolic violence

Answer 31

Schools see W.C students as inferior which reproduces the class structure and keep the working class in their place

Question 32

Nike identity

Answer 32

W.C students buy branded clothes to fit into their subculture