Class Differences In Achivement (External Factors)

Question 1

What are the three main factors outside of school that show that middle-class pupils tend to achieve more than working-class pupils?

Answer 1

Cultural deprivation
Material deprivation
Cultural capital

Question 2

What are the three main factors of cultural deprivation?

Answer 2

Language, parents education and working-class subculture

Question 3

What are the three main factors of material deprivation?

Answer 3

Housing affecting education, diet and health and financial support and the cost of education

Question 4

What are the three main factors of cultural capital?

Answer 4

Economic capital, educational capital, social capital

Question 5

What is cultural deprivation?

Answer 5

Cultural deprivation is a theory that means that lower social classes have inferior norms,values, skills and knowledge which prevents them from achieving in education

Question 6

What is material deprivation?

Answer 6

Material deprivation is the inability to afford basic resources which affects educational performance and leads to underachievement

Question 7

What is cultural capital?

Answer 7

Having the skills, knowledge, norms and values which can be used to get ahead in education and life more generally.

Education follows and therefore rewards middle-class cultural traits.

Question 8

Cultural Deprivation (Language) How does this affect underachievement?

Answer 8

The way children communicate with the language affects their intellectual development and ability to benefit from school

Question 9

Cultural Deprivation (Language) What did Feinstein say about language?

Answer 9

That educated parents are more likely to use challenging language and therefore more likely to use praise.

Question 10

Cultural Deprivation (Language) What did Hubbs-trait say about language?

Answer 10

Parents use of challenging language improves cognitive performance

Question 11

Cultural Deprivation (Language) What did Bereiter and Englemann say about language?

Answer 11

That children failed to develop necessary language skills. Therefore incapable of abstract thinking and unable to use language to explain, describe, enquire or compare and then unable to take advantage of opportunities that the school might offer

Question 12

Cultural Deprivation (Language) (Speech Codes) what did Bernstein (1975) say about speech ?

Answer 12

Bernstein identify differences between class and language. He said that speech is an important form of communication in education.

Question 13

Cultural Deprivation (Language) (Speech Codes) What are Bernsteins two speech codes? 

Answer 13

Elaborated and restricted speech codes 

Question 14

Cultural Deprivation (Language) (Speech Codes) what are restricted speech codes? 

Answer 14

Short grammatically simple, often unfinished sentences, limited use of adjectives and adverbs and meanings conveyed by gesture

Question 15

Cultural Deprivation (Language) (Speech Codes) what are elaborated speech codes?

Answer 15

Explicitly verbalises meaning and spells out relationships between things and provides explanation limited by restricted codes.

Question 16

Cultural Deprivation (Language) (Speech Codes)How do you restricted speech codes operate?

Answer 16

They operate in terms of predictable meanings and are tied to specific contexts, limited to specific groups.

Question 17

Cultural Deprivation (Language) (Speech Codes) how do elaborated speech codes operate?

Answer 17

They operate in terms of universalistic meanings that are publicly available to all.

Question 18

Cultural Deprivation (Language) (Speech Codes) in education how is the elaborated code used?

Answer 18

Elaborated code is the language used by teachers, textbooks and exams and is seen as the correct way to speak

Question 19

Cultural Deprivation (Language) (Speech Codes) Give one criticism of Bernstein?

Answer 19

Feinstein tends to put all the middle class together as having equal use of elaborated code when there is higher and lower sections of working class and the use of restricted code so there is a generalisation.

Question 20

Cultural Deprivation (Parents Education) What did Douglas say about parents education?

Answer 20

That working-class parents place less value on education.They are less ambitious for their children and gave less encouragement

Question 21

Cultural Deprivation (Parents Education) how did parents visiting school less and therefore less likely to discuss progress affect their children’s education?

Answer 21

Children had lower levels of motivation and achievement as their parents took less interest

Question 22

Cultural Deprivation (Parents Education) What did Feinstein say about parents education?

Answer 22

That parents own education is the most important factor affecting children’s achievement

Question 23

Cultural Deprivation (Parents Education) what are educated parents parenting style?

Answer 23

There is consistent discipline and high expectations and supports achievement by active learning and exploration

Question 24

Cultural Deprivation (Parents Education) what is less educated parents parenting style?

Answer 24

Harsh or inconsistent discipline prevents independence and self control which leads to poor motivation at school and problems interacting with the teachers. 

Question 25

Cultural Deprivation (Parents Education) what are educated parents educational behaviours?

Answer 25

Educated parents are more aware of what is needed to assist educational progress and they are more successful in establishing good relationships with teachers and provide educational value of museum and library visits.

Question 26

Cultural Deprivation (Parents Education) what are educated parents use of income? 

Answer 26

Educated parents tend to have higher incomes and therefore spend it on promotion of educational success

Question 27

Cultural Deprivation (Parents Education) what did Bernstein and Young (1967) say about educated parents and their use of income?

Answer 27

They said that middle-class mothers are more likely to buy educational toys, books and activities and have a better understanding of nutrition and its importance with high income meaning to buy more nutritious food

Question 28

Cultural Deprivation (Parents Education) What does class, income and parental education mean for the success of children in education?

Answer 28

Better educated parents tend to have children who are more successful at school and that parental education has an influence in its own right regardless of class or income

Question 29

Cultural Deprivation (working-class subculture) what is working-class subculture?

Answer 29

A lack of parental interest in a child’s education due to the subcultural values of the working class.

Question 30

Cultural Deprivation (Parents Education) What is subculture?

Answer 30

Subculture is a group whose attitudes and values differ from mainstream cultures and the rest of society

Question 31

Cultural Deprivation (Parents Education) (Sugarman) What is sugarman’s For key features that act as a barrier in working-class subcultures?

Answer 31

Fatalism
Collectivism
Intermediate gratification
Present time orientation

Question 32

Cultural Deprivation (Parents Education) (Sugarman) What is fatalism?

Answer 32

Fatalism is a belief in fate and there is nothing you can do to change your status. This contrast with middle-class values where you can change your position through your own efforts.

Question 33

Cultural Deprivation (Parents Education) (Sugarman) What is collectivism?

Answer 33

When you value being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual.

Question 34

Cultural Deprivation (Parents Education) (Sugarman) What is intermediate gratification?

Answer 34

Seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifices in order to get rewards in the future.

Middle-class students defer gratification and make sacrifices now for the greater awards in the future.

Question 35

Cultural Deprivation (Parents Education) (Sugarman) what is present time orientation?

Answer 35

Seen the present is more important in the future therefore not making long-term goals.

Middle-class students have future time orientation planning for the future which is important.

Question 36

Cultural Deprivation (Parents Education) How do you middle-class jobs and working class jobs differ in working-class subculture’s?

Answer 36

Because middle-class jobs are secure careers which encourages ambition and long-term planning on investing time and effort in gaining qualifications whereas working class jobs are less secure and have no career structure.

Question 37

Cultural Deprivation (Parents Education) why is compensatory education beneficial?

Answer 37

Because it aims to tackle the problem of cultural deprivation within intervene early in the socialisation process to compensate for deprivation experience at home.

Question 38

(Myth of Cultural Deprivation) What did Keddie (1973) argue about Cultural Deprivation ?

Answer 38

That there is a victim blaming explanation and it dismisses the idea that failure at school can be blamed on a culture deprived home background.

Question 39

(Myth of Cultural Deprivation) What did Blackstone and Mortimore argue about Cultural Deprivation ?

Answer 39

They said that working-class parents don’t attend parents evening is due to working longer and less regular hours and therefore have a lack of knowledge and education to help their child’s progress.

Question 40

(Material Deprivation) What does Flaherty (2004) say about material deprivation ?

Answer 40

That money problems in the family are significant factor in younger children’s non-attendance at school.

Question 41

(Myth of Cultural Deprivation) How does housing affect education?

Answer 41

Overcrowding, disruptions and noise means it’s hard to study and there’s nowhere for homework.

Question 42

(Myth of Cultural Deprivation) how does overcrowding in housing affect education?

Answer 42

There can be impacts on health and psychological distress and more ill health means more absences from school

Question 43

(Myth of Cultural Deprivation) how does diet and health affect educational achievement ? (Howard)

Answer 43

People from poor homes have lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals this leads to poor nutrition and this affects health.Therefore there are more absences from school due to sickness and less concentration ins classes which results in falling behind

Question 44

(Myth of Cultural Deprivation) How does financial support and cost of education affects educational achievement?

Answer 44

The children from poor families have to withdraw from having books, technology and tutors which would benefit their learning as well as working-class children having to work to support their family distracting them from school work as well as university is causing debt.

Question 45

(Myth of Cultural Deprivation) what are the hidden costs of free state schooling?

Answer 45

Things like school uniform, PE kit, school trips, class materials, stationary, swimming lessons, school lunches, travel, photographs, charity contributions and other school activities has your parents to pay even if they have difficulty in affording them

Question 46

Do children on free school meals achieve more or less in their education?

Answer 46

They achieve less in their education and Flaherty says there is a fear of stigmatisation meaning people do not take the entitlement of free school meals.

Question 47

(Evaluation of Material Deprivation) what does it mean that the theory is deterministic?

Answer 47

Deterministic assumes everyone is the same meaning that some students from a poor background do achieve well in their education. 

Question 48

(Cultural Capital) What are Bourdieu’s 3 types of capital ? (Arguing that middle-class generally possess more of all three types of capital)

Answer 48

Economic Capital
Educational Capital
Social Capital

Question 49

(Cultural Capital) What is economic capital?

Answer 49

Middle-class parents having money to invest in their children’s education giving their children a better advantage in the schooling system to become successful.

Question 50

(Cultural Capital) What is educational capital?

Answer 50

The parents are able to send their children to private schools and pay extra tuition to get their children advantages affording housing in catchment areas for good schools that are placed highly in the exam league tables.

Question 51

(Cultural Capital) What is social capital?

Answer 51

Bourdieu argues that through socialisation middle-class children are more likely to develop intellectual interests and an understanding of what the education system requires.

Question 52

(Cultural Capital) what does the lack of working-class children’s cultural capital lead to?

Answer 52

It leads to exam failure and many working class pupils also get the message that education is not meant for them and respond by early leaving or not trying.