class differences in achievements Flashcards
who identifies the two codes, the restricted code and the elaborate code.
what do they mean?
what code does the school use and who is at a disadvantage?
Basil Bernstein (1975) the restricted code(working class):limited vocabulary & context-bound the elaborate code(middle class): wider vocabulary & context-free the elaborate code is used in education giving middle-class children an advantage when they start school(fluent users in the language)
who argues that parents own education is the most important factor?
and what the three factors?
Leon Feinstein(2008)
Parenting style: Educated parents emphasise consistent discipline, uneducated-parents is the opposite
Parent’ educational behaviours: form good relationship with teachers and see the value of children’s cognitive development
Use of income: buyeducation toys
Who argues the 4 key features of Working-class subculture and what are they?
Barry Sugarman(1970)
immediate gratification: wanting rewards now rather than being willing to make sacrifices and working hard for future rewards
Fatalism: A belief that ‘whatever will be, will be’
Collectivism: valuing being part of a group rather than succeeding as an individual
Present-time orientation: no long term goals
Criticism of the Cultural Deprivation
- Nell Keddie(1973) describe it as a ‘myth’, they are simply culturally different. they fail cos edu is dominated by middle-class values.
- Others critics reject the idea w-c parents aren’t interested in children’s education(parents meeting)
Who argues the 4 key features of Working-class subculture and what are they?
Barry Sugarman(1970)
immediate gratification: wanting rewards now rather than being willing to make sacrifices and working hard for future rewards
Fatalism: A belief that ‘whatever will be, will be’
Collectivism: valuing being part of a group rather than succeeding as an individual
Present-time orientation: no long term goals
Criticism of the Cultural Deprivation
- Nell Keddie(1973) describe it as a ‘myth’, they are simply culturally different. they fail cos edu is dominated by middle-class values.
- Others critics reject the idea w-c parents aren’t interested in children’s education(parents meeting)
Who argues the 4 key features of Working-class subculture and what are they?
Barry Sugarman(1970)
immediate gratification: wanting rewards now rather than being willing to make sacrifices and working hard for future rewards
Fatalism: A belief that ‘whatever will be, will be’
Collectivism: valuing being part of a group rather than succeeding as an individual
Present-time orientation: no long term goals
Criticism of the Cultural Deprivation
- Nell Keddie(1973) describe it as a ‘myth’, they are simply culturally different. they fail cos edu is dominated by middle-class values.
- Others critics reject the idea w-c parents aren’t interested in children’s education(parents meeting)
Who argues the 4 key features of Working-class subculture and what are they?
Barry Sugarman(1970)
immediate gratification: wanting rewards now rather than being willing to make sacrifices and working hard for future rewards
Fatalism: A belief that ‘whatever will be, will be’
Collectivism: valuing being part of a group rather than succeeding as an individual
Present-time orientation: no long term goals
Criticism of the Cultural Deprivation
- Nell Keddie(1973) describe it as a ‘myth’, they are simply culturally different. they fail cos edu is dominated by middle-class values.
- Others critics reject the idea w-c parents aren’t interested in children’s education(parents meeting)
Who argues the 4 key features of Working-class subculture and what are they?
Barry Sugarman(1970)
immediate gratification: wanting rewards now rather than being willing to make sacrifices and working hard for future rewards
Fatalism: A belief that ‘whatever will be, will be’
Collectivism: valuing being part of a group rather than succeeding as an individual
Present-time orientation: no long term goals
Criticism of the Cultural Deprivation
- Nell Keddie(1973) describe it as a ‘myth’, they are simply culturally different. they fail cos edu is dominated by middle-class values.
- Others critics reject the idea w-c parents aren’t interested in children’s education(parents meeting)
Material Deprivation factors
Poor housing: overcrowding or cold rooms means no appropriate place to do homework
Poor diet:illness, absence from school
Financial cost of education: afford fewer equipment e.g computers. Bull refers to this as ‘cost of free schooling’
Fear of debt: university tuition fees
Cultural Capitial and who argues this?
Bourdieu(1984) Middle class possess all three captial(wealth) Cultural Capital: refers to everything that hold values of the middle class Educational and Economic capital: all three can be converted to eachother e.g converting their economic capital to educational capital(private schools)
Labelling and give one sociologist
labelling is attaching a definition to them. Howard Becker(1971)- teachers label middle class as closest to ‘idea pupil’ and prefer to teach them than w.c
what is the self fulfilling prophecy
and the 3 steps
it is a prediction that comes true simply by virtue of having it made
step 1- teacher labels a student e.g smart
step 2-teach treats pupil accordingly as if the prediction is already true e.g expectations
step 3- pupil internalises the teachers expectations and becomes a part of his self-image
What is streaming
an extreme institutionalised form of labelling. pupils of similar ability are put together for all subjects
Criticism of labelling theory
accused of determinism but pupils can go against teacher labelling
Pupil subculture- which sociologist identifies the concepts of differentiation and polarisation
Colin Lacey(1970)
differentiation- process of teacher categorising(streaming)
polarisation- pupils responds to steaming by moving toward the two opposite ‘poles’:
pro-school subculture: accept schools values(middle class)
anti-school subculture: reject the school’s value(working class)
Class identities and achievement
explain (sociologist) concept of habitus
Louise Archer eat al (2010)
Habitus- a social class’ habitat e.g lifestyle
Symbolic Capital and symbolic violence- school commit symbolic violence by devaluing working-class pupils’ habits /and denying symbolic capital(recognition and status)
‘Nike’ identities- gaining their own symbolic capital from peers, consuming branded goods
‘losing yourself’- succeeding at school means being inauthentic, ‘nike’ identities are authentic but cause conflict with school .
why do successful working-class girls face hidden barriers? give the sociologist
Sarah Evans(2009) they felt their identity wouldn’t ‘fit in’ with the habitus of elite universities
