class differences in achievement - internal factors - streaming

Question 1

what is setting?

Answer 1

putting pupils into groups based on their ability in specific subjects

Question 2

what is streaming?

Answer 2

putting pupils into the same class for all subjects, based on their perceived ability

Question 3

streaming

Answer 3

douglas found a decline in iq after pupils were placed in a lower set

children placed in lower streams at age 8 had suffered a decline in iq score by age 11

middle class students are more likely to benefit from streaming, since they’re placed in higher streams

children placed in a higher stream at age 8 had improved their iq by age 11

Question 4

pupil subculture - lacey (1970)

Answer 4

refers to four key terms that pupils have as a response to labelling:

differentiation - the process of teachers categorising students based on ability, attitudes or behaviour

polarisation - going to either extreme, either anti school or pro school

pro school

anti school

Question 5

pupil subculture - hargreaves (1967)

Answer 5

found a similar response to streaming in a secondary school

boys in the lower stream were a triple failure

failed their 11+ exams, been placed in lower streams and had been labelled as ‘worthless louts’

one solution to this problem was to band together and form a group in which high status went to those who flouted school rules

formed a delinquent subculture which guaranteed educational failure

Question 6

abolishing streaming - steven ball (1981)

Answer 6

beachside comprehensive school was in the process of abolishing streaming

moving towards teaching in mixed ability groups instead

since ball’s study and especially since the education reform act (1988), there has been a trend towards more streaming and towards more variety in types of schools, some with a more academic curriculum than others

Question 7

peter woods (1971)

Answer 7

four responses to labelling and streaming

ingratiation - being the teacher’s pet

ritualism - going through the motions and staying out of trouble

retreatism - daydreaming and mucking about

rebellion - outright rejection of everything the school stands for

Question 8

john furlong (1984)

Answer 8

pupils may move between responses, acting differently in lessons with different teachers

Question 9

criticisms of labelling

Answer 9

mary fuller (1984) - too deterministic

marxism criticises labelling theory for ignoring the wider power struggles in society, in which labelling takes place

marxists argue that labelling arises not from teacher’s individual prejudices, but stems from working in a system that reproduces class division