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Pathophysiology > Class #9 > Flashcards

Class #9 Flashcards

1
Q

What causes bilateral conjunctivitis? unilateral?

A 
BILATERAL= infection, allergens, radiant energy
UNILATERAL= foreign body, chemical/irritation damage
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2
Q

Bacterial/fungal conjunctivitis causes a ________________ discharge

A

mucopurulent , yellow/green exudate, sticky eyelids

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3
Q

What kind of discharge would you expect to see from a viral infection, an allergen or a foreign body?

A

watery discharge

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4
Q

What bacterias can cause acute and chronic conjunctivitis?

A
  • streptococcus pneumonia
  • staphylococcus aureas
  • H. Influenza
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5
Q

What causes chronic bacterial conjunctivitis?

A
  • obstruction of nasolacrimal duct

- chronic infection of lacrimal sac

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6
Q

How might I know if I have chronic bacterial conjunctivitis?

A
  • yellow/green exudate
  • burning, itching, morning crusting
  • EYELASH LOSS
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7
Q

What is unique about hyper acute bacterial conjunctivitis?

A
  • chemosis (edema) or conjunctiva

- swollen pre-auricular lymph nodes (in front of the ear)

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8
Q

How do heath care professionals treat hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

-antibiotics based on C&S swab

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9
Q

What are the complications of hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis if it remains untreated?

A
  • corneal ulceration
  • perforation
  • vision loss
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10
Q

What is the leading cause of preventable blindness in the world?

A

Chlamydial Conjunctivitis

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11
Q

How is chlamydial conjunctivitis transmitted?

A
  • direct contact
  • fomites/flies
  • mom-newborn
  • unchlorinated pools
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12
Q

What causes viral keratoconjunctivitis? What is the difference between the mild form and the epidemic form?

A

adenoviruses from inadequately chlorinated swimming pools
MILD: hyperemia, tearing with no discharge, pharyngitis, fever and malaise
EPIDEMIC: visual disturbances

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13
Q

What happens if the epithelial layer of the cornea is damaged?

A

minor and self-limiting because it that layer of the cornea is able to regenerate itself with no scarring

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14
Q

What eye disorder can cause iridescent vision?

A

corneal trauma to the endothelia

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15
Q

What might I expect if I poke my cornea deep enough to damage the endothelia?

A
  • edema (dull/hazy cornea)
  • slow healing
  • scarring
  • decreased visual acuity
  • iridescent vision
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16
Q

Inflammation of the cornea is called…

A

keratitis, caused by herpes simplex

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17
Q

HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS CAN CAUSE ALL OF THE FOLLOWING DISORDERS

A
  • keratitis
  • viral meningitis
  • encephalitis
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18
Q

What can cause keratitis?

A
  • infections
  • contact lenses
  • hypersensitivity reaction
  • ischemia, trauma
  • local anesthesia
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19
Q

What is the difference between non-ulcerative and ulcerative keratitis?

A

Non-ulcerative keratitis affects all layers of the epithelium but leaves it intact
Ulcerative involves either the epithelium, the stroma (outer layer of the iris) or both, but they do not remain intact. This causes scarring, impaired vision, and blindness

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20
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

far-sighedness, which occurs when the anterior-posterior distance of the eye is too short

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21
Q

What occurs when the image focus is BEHIND the retina?

A

Hyperopia

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22
Q

When would you use a convex lens?

A

to correct hyperopia

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23
Q

What is myopia?

A

near-sightedness, which occurs when the anterior-posterior distance of the eye is too LONG. The image here is focussed in FRONT of the retina

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24
Q

What do you use to correct myopia?

A

Concave lens

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25
Q

Define Astigmatism

A

asymmetric bowing defect of cornea or lens either from congenital problems or scarring. It causes non-uniform refraction of light onto retina, causing blurry vision

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26
Q

How is astigmatism treated?

A

glasses, contact lenses, or surgery to remove epithelial section

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27
Q

What is the accommodation reflex? What nerve is it controlled by?

A

the ability of the eye to adjust the shape of the lens and the size of the pupil through contraction of ciliary muscles
-Controlled by the occulomotor nerve

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28
Q

What are the 2 disorders of accommodation?

A

Cycloplegia, which is paralysis of the ciliary muscles

Presbyopia, which is age related thickening and hardening of the lens

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29
Q

Age-related thickening and hardening of the lens is called….

A

presbyopia

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30
Q

What does “second sight” refer to?

A

in presbyopia, although an individuals ability to accommodate decreases, their ability to see nearer objects improves. This also appears in cataracts

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31
Q

What is the most common cause of blindness?

A

Cataracts

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32
Q

What are cataracts?

A

bilateral fiber build-up over time causes layered sclerosis on the lens of the eye that appears cloudy

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33
Q

What causes cataracts?

A
  • aging
  • hereditary
  • environmental
  • metabolic
  • drugs
  • smoking
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34
Q

My grandma has cataracts. How does this affect her vision?

A
  • blurred/distorted vision
  • loss of far vision, acquired myopia (second sight)
  • glare
  • loss of colour discrimination
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35
Q

How can cataracts be treated?

A
  • corrective lenses
  • surgery
  • intraoccular implants
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36
Q

Define papilledema

A

edema of the optic papilla (tissue surrounding the entrance to the optic disc) resulting in compression of blood vessels and nerves

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37
Q

What causes papilledema?

A

increased intracranial pressure, tumours, subdural hematoa, hydrocephalus, malignant hypertension

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38
Q

What is retinopathy?

A

change in retinal blood vessel structures

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39
Q

Retinopathies cause what 4 things?

A
  1. microaneurysms, which leak plasma causing edema
  2. neovascularization, which are fragile
  3. Hemorrhages, which results in ischemia
  4. Retinal opacities
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40
Q

What 4 things cause diabetic retinopathy?

A

hyperglycemia
HTN
hypercholesterolemia
smoking

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41
Q

What is the difference between non-proliferative and proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

A

non proliferative is confined only to the retina

proliferative is more severe d/t neovascularization

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42
Q

Define the pathophysiology of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
LOOK THIS UP

A
  • retinal vein engorgement
  • thickened capillary membranes
  • capillary microaneurysms cause microinfarcts
  • COTTON WOOL SPOTS appear d/t damaged nerve fibers
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43
Q

What are the manifestations of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

A
  • cotton-wool spots
  • glare from bright lights
  • MACULAR EDEMA d/t leakage at the capillary levels
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44
Q

What is the macula?

A

the area at the back of the eye that collects high acuity images and acts like sunglasses to collect extra UV rays so they don’t damage the eye

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45
Q

Describe what occurs in proliferative diabetic retinopathy

A

it involves neovascularization, in which new vessels attach the vitreous too tightly to the retina, and the resulting tension between the vitreous and the retina causes retinal detachment

46
Q

What occurs inside the vasculature in hypertensive retinopathy?

A

increased pressure over time results in :

  1. initial vasospasm and hemorrhage
  2. persistent or chronic compensatory arteriolar wall thickening
47
Q

A patient has just come into the ER with a detached retina. What might they be complaining about?

A

PAINLESS ischemia

  • loss of peripheral vision
  • flashing lights, sparks, or floaters in the field of vision
  • shadow or dark curtain with progression
48
Q

Who is most likely to experience retinal detachment?

A
  • older people

- myopia, d/t stretch of the retina

49
Q

What are the 3 types of retinal detachment?

A
  1. Exudative
    - HTN, inflammation, neoplasm
  2. Traction
    - scarring from injury, infection, surgery
  3. Rhegmatogenous
    - vitreous shrinks with age, causing it to separate from the retina, which causes a tear
50
Q

What is the most common type of retinal detachment?

A

Rhegmatogenous

51
Q

How can we treat a patient with retinal detachment?

A
  • Laser or cryotherapy to seal the retinal tear without too much scarring
  • Scleral buckling, where silicone is placed on the sclera so it attaches to the retina that is loose
52
Q

Loss of central vision is caused by….

A

Macular Degeneration, which causes destructive changes to central fovea

53
Q

What puts someone at risk for macular degeneration?

A
  • aging
  • female
  • caucasian
  • smoker
  • hereditary
54
Q

Describe non-neovascular macular degeneration

A

DRY
-caused by generation/atrophy of retinal cells. These drusen spots enlarge overtime.

causes: minimal vision changes, but it worsens suddenly

55
Q

Explain neovascular macular degeneration

A

WET

  • age-related neovascularization of the CHOROID
  • this causes blood vessels to leak, the fluid buildup pushes retina away from the choroid causing scarring

causes irreversible loss of vision

56
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

chronic degenerative optic neuropathy d/t increase INTRAOCCULAR pressure

57
Q

What occurs to the optic disk in glaucoma?

A

The disc around the optic nerve gets pushed by the increased intraoccular pressure, and the rim becomes thin and CUPPED over time
**LOOK THIS UP

58
Q

Explain the pathophysiology of open angle glaucoma

A

This is the most common type of glaucoma. and it occurs when the trabecular meshwork decreases absorption of AQUEOUS humor, resulting in increased pressure

59
Q

What angle remains open in open angle glaucoma?

A

Iridocorneal angle

60
Q

What are the risk factors for glaucoma?

A

P: hx, myopia
S: inflammation, trauma, tumor, HTN, DM, hyperthyroidism, migraines, corticosteroids

61
Q

What symptoms may indicate that my patient has open angle glaucoma?

A
  • asymptomatic
  • loss of visual field
  • light sensitivity
62
Q

Whats the difference between the aqueous humor and vitreous humor?

A

Aqueous: fluid that moves around to the front of the eye
Vitreous: gell fluid in the middle of the eye

63
Q

What disorder of the eye is very treatable if caught early but is an absolute emergency if it happens acutely?

A

closed angle glaucoma, which is where the iris occludes flow of the aqueous humor to the trabecular meshwork.
It puts too much pressure on the optic nerve, which can cause blindness

64
Q

What causes closed angle glaucoma?

A
  • structural defect
  • iris thickening
  • prolonged dilation of the pupil
  • ATROPINE causes excessive dilation of the pupil, which displaces the iris
65
Q

What are the manifestations of closed angle glaucoma?

A
  • pain
  • blurred vision
  • enlarged pupils
  • relief with sleep
66
Q

Define anopia

A

blindness in one eye

67
Q

What is it called when half if the visual field is gone in one eye?

A

Hemianopia

68
Q

What is quadrantanopia?

A

where a quarter of the visual field in one eye is lost

69
Q

Define strabismus

A

loss of binocular vision d/t abnormal coordination or alignment in the muscle

70
Q

What are the 5 types of eye deviations?

A 
Esotropia: medial deviation
Exotropia: lateral deviation
Hypertropia: upward deviation
Hypotropia: downward deviation
Cyclotropia: torsional deviation
71
Q

What is the difference between concomitant and non-concomitant strabismus?

A

concomitant shows equal deviation in all directions of the gaze
non-concomitant varies with the direction of the gaze

72
Q

What is intermittent strabismus?

A

periods of time where the eyes are parallel

73
Q

Define monocular strabismus

A

where the same eye always deviates and the other always fixates

74
Q

What is non paralytic strabismus?

A

deviation of the eyes with no obvious defect in the muscles. The amount of deviation is relatively constant. Both eyes can be different

75
Q

What is paralytic strabismus?

A
  • paresis or plegia of one or more extraoccular muscles

- uncommon in children

76
Q

What causes paralytic strabismus?

A

stroke, myasthenia gravis, graves disease, trauma, childhood non-paralytic strabismus

77
Q

What is the proper word for “lazy eye”?

A

Amblyopia

78
Q

What is amblyopia?

A

abnormal visual development in infancy or early childhood that is mostly reversible

79
Q

What causes amblyopia?

A

visual deprivation, cataracts, ptosis

80
Q

I am working in the ER and a patient walks in. She is speaking normally, but when she opens her eyes widely, i notice spontaneous involuntary rhythmic & oscillatory eye movements occurring without head movement or visual stimuli. What is this condition called, and what could be causing it?

A

Nystagmus

  • fatigue
  • psychological factors
  • CNS damage (MS)
  • Concussion
81
Q

What are the symptoms of impacted cerumen?

A
  • asymptomatic
  • pain
  • itchiness
  • sensation of fullness
  • hearing loss
  • tinnitus
82
Q

A mom brings her daughter into the clinic because she exhibits itchiness, redness, tenderness, edema, pain and watery, purulent drainage in her ears. She tells you she couldn’t even go to swimming practice today, because it hurt so much. What do you suspect?

A

otitis externa, inflammation of external ear

This can be caused by infection caused by frequent exposure to water, irritation and allergies.

83
Q

What happens if otitis externa is caused by S. aureas?

A

acute cellulitis

84
Q

What 3 things can cause disorders of eustachian tubes?

A
  1. Abnormal patency when the tubes don’t close
  2. Functional obstruction when the tubes collapse like in infants who’s collagen hasn’t developed or cleft palate
  3. Mechanical obstruction from allergic reaction of viral infection
85
Q

What is the most common cause of otitis media?

A

dysfunction of the eustachian tubes allowing reflux into the middle ear

86
Q

What are the risk factors for Otitis media?

A
  • infants who are bottle fed vs breast fed
  • premature babies
  • children around 5 years old
  • males
  • hx
87
Q

Why are babies who are bottle fed at more risk for otitis media?

A
  • breast milk supplies protective maternal antibodies
  • bottle causes babies to swallow air and reflux
  • bottles cause babies to lay more horizontally causing reflux
88
Q

What are the manifestations of otitis media?

A
  • otalgia, increases with perforation of tympanic membrane (purulent drainage)
  • fever
  • hearing loss
  • erythemic tympanic membrane
  • rhinorrhea, vomitting, diarrhea
89
Q

What is Otitis media with effusion?

A

Fluid in the middle ear without signs of infection

90
Q

Otitis media, if untreated, can become complicated in what ways?

A
  • hearing loss
  • mastoiditis
  • cysts of middle ear
  • erosion of ossicles
  • labyrinthitis
  • otogenic meningitis
  • brain abscess
91
Q

How can otitis media be treated?

A
  • analgesia
  • heat
  • myringotomy (incision of tympanic membrane) to relieve fluid
  • surgery (tympanostomy tubes, adenodiectomy)
92
Q

What is tinnitus?

A

perception of abnormal ear/head noises i.e. ringing, buzzing, and roaring

93
Q

What can cause tinnitus?

A
  • impacted cerumen
  • medications (ASA, nicotine, caffeine)
  • Foods (MSG, red wine)
  • presbycusis (hearing loss d/t aging)
  • HTN
  • atherosclerosis
  • head injury
  • ear infection
94
Q

If I have ear wax or another foreign body in my ear, and I am struggling to hear, what kind of hearing loss am I experiencing?

A

Conductive hearing loss from transmission failure through the outer/middle ear to inner ear

95
Q

What is sensorineural hearing loss?

A

When sound waves travel through the outer/middle ear but are distorted by cochlear damage, nerve damage, or damage to the auditory pathway of the brain

96
Q

What can cause sensorineural hearing loss?

A
  • maternal rubella
  • malformation of inner ear
  • trauma
  • hemorrhage
  • infection
97
Q

What is presbycusis?

A

sensorineural loss of hearing in the elderly that causes

  • impaired localization of sound sources,
  • slowed central processing
  • high frequency sound loss
98
Q

What particular drug can cause damage to the vestibular system in children?

A

gentamycin. This damage is not permanent, and the hearing will come back when the drug is stopped

99
Q

What does irritation of the vestibular organs or nerves cause?

A

balance issues and vertigo

100
Q

What is the difference between objective vertigo and subjective vertigo?

A

O: when the person is stationary but environment moves
S: person is moving and environment is stationary

101
Q

Why does motion sickness cause vertigo?

A

repeated rhythmic stimulation of vestibular system

102
Q

If someone is experiencing vertigo, what would their vital signs be?

A

rapid respirations cause vasodilation:

  • hypotension
  • tachycardia
  • diaphoresis
103
Q

What is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo?

A

most common type of vertigo in 40+ year olds caused by damage to the calcium crystals (otoliths) that line the labyrinth that causes those crystals to float in the endolymph of the posterior canal

104
Q

What are the manifestations of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo?

A
  • change of head position causes vertigo and rotary nystagmus
  • relief when motion ceases, or with continued motion
105
Q

Inflammation of the vestibular nerve is called….

A

acute vestibular neuronitis

106
Q

What kinds of symptoms will my patient with acute vestibular neuronitis exhibit?

A
  • vertigo, nausea/vomiting

- NO AUDITORY OR NEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOMS

107
Q

What could cause acute vestibular neuronitis?

A
  • recent upper respiratory tract illness

- herpes zoster

108
Q

What causes Meniere Disease?

A

distension of the endolymphatic compartment of the inner ear (cochlea) d/t excess fluid

109
Q

What 3 things contribute to the excess fluid in meniere disease?

A
  1. increased production of endolymph
  2. decreased absorption of endolymph
  3. decreased production of perilymph
110
Q

What puts a patient at increased risk for meniere disease?

A
  • trauma
  • infection
  • endocrine insufficiency
  • vascular disorders
  • autoimmune activity
111
Q

What might my patient with meniere disease complain of?

A
  • hearing loss
  • vertigo
  • tinnitus
  • ear fullness
  • pallor, sweating, N&V
112
Q

Over time, how does meniere disease progress?

A

initially, disturbance in unilateral, which causes imbalance. As it progresses, these patients may experience bilateral hearing loss, but less vertigo/imbalance.

Pathophysiology (10 decks)

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