Class 7- Neighborhoods and Neighborhood Effects

Question 1

Landscape Epidemiology

Answer 1

• Using “landscape” to understand disease transmission
• Complex combination (overlap) of these landscapes to understand disease
  
  • Landscape as a combination of biological, physical, and cultural
  • Vectored, anthro-zoonosis – Vector, Host, Reservoir to consider

Question 2

Demographic Transition

Answer 2

• Refers to thetransition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system
• 4 or 5 stages

Question 3

Ecological Fallacy

Answer 3

• A logical fallacy in the interpretation of statistical data where inferences about the nature of individuals are deduced from inference for the population to which those individuals belong.
  
  • An issue of scale and statistical relationships (not data mismatch!)
    
    • Changing scale (e.g., county to individual)
    • Changing extent (e.g., city to nation)

Question 4

Dose / Duration

Answer 4

• Dose: the amount or magnitude
• Duration: the length of time

Question 5

Ecological data is aggregated data

Answer 5

• When we use ecological data, we only get ONE single value to describe exposure for a group of people or the air pollution across a whole region
  
  • Consider the “scale” of dose and duration… they likely are highly variable among people
• Health geographic analysis is often constrained to ecological analysis
  
  • Findings only valid for the “scale” of the analysis
  • Think about variation and the factors that lead to variation… whether the level of data aggregation makes sense or is useful!