Class 6 Flashcards
Hyperplasia
More numbers of cells. Ex: weight lifting
Metaplasia
Cells become simpler, die off quickly
Dysplasia
If stressors continue, cells look deranged, can become cancerous if stressor is not removed
Neoplasm
A new growth of cells, tumour
Benign: non cancerous, depends on location. cells well differentiated, grow slowly, encapsulated, local effects
Malignant: cancerous, extensions to other tissues. Grow rapidly, non-encapsulated, generalized effects, metastasis (can move around)
Stages of Tumor Spread
Carcinoma in situ (epithelial malignant tumors that have not broken through the basement membrane or invaded supporting tissue
Invasive
Stage based on Tumour (size & location), Nodes (are they invaded), Metastases( how far from original site),
Phases of Normal to Killer Cell Transformation
Initiation: carcinogenic agent exposure, encourage cell to grow
Promotion: cell proliferates faster than normal
Progression: tumor acquires malignant characteristics (autonomy–> independent, increased cohesiveness, invade)
Cancer Cell Characteristics
Anaplasia (cancer cells are pleomorphic with many different shapes, are undifferentiated & more primitive which results in rapid multiplication
Autonomy: cancer cells have independence from normal cellular controls like apoptosis, cohesiveness & stoppage of growth
Carcinomas
Cancers arising from the epithelial tissues
Adenocarcinomas
Cancer cells thats arise from ductal or glandular epithelium (ex: breast tumour)
Sarcoma
cancers arising from connective tissue (Ex: skeletal muscle cancers)
Lymphomas
Cancers arising from lymphatic tissue
Leukemias
Cancers of blood-forming cells
Risk Factors for Cancer
Genetics (50 cancers are related to genetics like breast cancer & colon cancer, aneuplodies are more likely to have cancer)
Hormones
Environment
Environment Specific Risk Factors for Cancer
Tobacco: cancers of lung lower urinary tract, aerodigestive tract, liver, kidney, pancreas, cervix, & myeloid leukemia
Alcohol: Cancers of oral, pharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, esophagus & liver
Sex: age of first encounter, number of partners, safety, pregnancy
Ionizing radiation: emissions of x-rays, radioisotopes can cause cell death, gene mutations & chromosomal aberration
Ultraviolet Radiation: Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma & melanoma, from sunlight that promotes skin inflammation & release of free radicals
Occupational Hazards
Diet
Lack of physical activity
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Tells cells to slow replication
Mutation in genes that control cell growth, replication & repair
Tumor suppressor genes
genes controlling apoptosis (continuous replication instead of dying)
DNA repair genes (stop mutations, but if dysfunctional this means that the mutation continues in mitosis)
Prooto-oncogenes (accelerators, required for hyperplasia but can be over-active)
Angiogensis-promoting genes (Cause bl. vessels to supply tumor)
Bacterial/Viral Causes of Cancer
Helicobacter pylori
Herpes Virus (HIV)
Hepatitis B
Clinical Manifestations of Neoplasia Tumor
Dependent on the location of tumor & how far along
Pain (little or no pain in the beginning, due to pressure, obstruction, invasion of sensitive structures, inflammation, tissue destruction)
Fatigue**: (subjective, tired, weak, lack of energy, inability to concentrate, depression, boredom, caused by biochemical changes from circulating cytokines, level of activity, nutrition, lack of sleep)
Syndrome of Cachexia (severe form of malnutrition. anorexia,altered protein, lipid & carb metabolism)
Anemia (decrease of HgB in blood due to chronic bleeding from iron deficiency, severe malnutrition or malignancy in bone marrow)
Leukopenia (decrease in WBC leads to risk for infection caused by tumor invasion of bone marrow & chemotherapy)
Infection (risk increases as neutrophil & lymphocytes decrease)
Cancer Treatments
Surgery –> Biopsy (only definitive diagnosis), Debulking (majority of tumor is removed), Palliative (to increase pts comfort), Sentinel nodes (detect if tumor has metastasized to lymphnodes & stage the cancer)
Ionizing Radiation: To eradicate cancer, avoid damage to normal structure, damages cancer cells DNA so they cant replicate. May be lethal (killed), potentially lethal(affected so enviro will kill it) or sublethal (cell can repair itself)
Chemotherapy: Cytotoxic drugs that are nonselective, kills cells that have not metastasized, eliminates tumour cells so the bodys defense can eradicate remaining cells. Used in combination with drug therapy.
Immunotherapy: Antitumour responses can selectively eliminate cancer cells while sparing normal cells. Recognizes antigens & releases an immune rejection response to selectively eliminate cancer cells
Hormone Therapy: Interferes with cell growth & signalling (ex: estrogen to counter testosterone for prostate cancer)
Side effects of Cancer Treatments
GI effects
Affects the bone marrow
Loss of hair & decreased skin integrity
Attacks reproductive tract & may result in sterility
Angiogenesis
Process of forming new blood vessels that occurs during fetus development AND tumor formation
Oncogenesis
Increasing in the rate of cell proliferation with the oncogene is mutated.
Liposarcoma
Cancer that arises in fat tissue & cells
Lipoma
Benign tumor compromised of fat tissue
Cancer Staging 4 Steps
- Cancer confined to organ of origin
- Cancer is locally invasive
- Cancer that has spread to regional structures like lymphnodes
- Cancer has spread to distant sites
