Class 5- Psychological Disorders, Stress, and Conciousness Flashcards
How do you define a psychological disorder?
A psychological disorder is a set of behavioral and/or psychological symptoms that are not in keeping with cultural norms.
They are severe enough to cause significant personal distress and/or significant impairment to social, occupational, or personal functioning.
They are diagnosable and treatable.
What are some examples of neurodevelopmental disorders?
What general characteristics do they have?
Neurodevelopmental disorders usually manifest early in development, appear as deficits, and are generally difficult to treat.
Examples include:
Autism
ADHD
What are some examples of neurocognitive disorders?
What general characteristics do they have?
Neurocognitive disorders centrally affect cognition, with cognitive decline, and deficits can range from major to mild.
Examples include:
Alzheimer’s Disease (amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles)
Parkinson’s Disease (low dopamine levels, dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra die, Lewy bodies develop in neurons)
Delirium
What are some examples of sleep-wake disorders?
What general characteristics do they have?
Sleep-wake disorders show disturbance in quality/ quantity of sleep and may involve specific breathing patterns or nightmares.
Examples include:
Dyssomnias- abnormalities in amout, quality, or timing of sleep
(Insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea)
Parasomnias- abnormal behaviors that occur during sleep
(Somnambulism (sleep walking), night terrors)
What are some examples of anxiety disorders?
What general characteristics do they have?
Anxiety disorders involve excessive fear and/ or anxiety, as well as avoidance behaviors.
Examples include:
Phobias
Social Anxiety Disorder
Panic Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
What are some examples of depressive disorders?
What general characteristics do they have?
Depressive disorders include sad, empty, and or irratable mood.
Examples include:
Major depressive disorder
Depression (monoamine hypothesis- depletion serotonin, norepinephrine, and/ or dopamine)
What are some examples of bipolar disorders?
What general characteristics do they have?
Bipolar disorders act like a “bridge” between psychotic and depressive disorders, involve cyclic episodes.
Examples include:
Bipolar I Disorder (manic-depressive)
Bipolar II Disorder
Cyclothymic Disorder
What are some examples of schizophrenia spectrum/ other psychotic disorders?
What general characteristics do they have?
Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders involve delusions, hallucinations, and/ or disorganized speech. May involve “negative” symptoms.
Examples include:
Delusional disorder
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Schizophreniform Disorder
Schizophrenia (has positive and negative symptoms, as well as cognitive symptoms)
Schizoaffective Disorder
What are some examples of trauma/ stressor- related disorders?
What general characteristics do they have?
Trauma- and stressor-related disorders involve exposure to traumatic/ stressful events and may exhibit any wide range of symptoms.
Examples include:
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Acute Stress Disorder
Adjustment Disorders
What are some examples of Substance-related/ addictive disorders?
What general characteristics do they have?
Substance-related/ addictive disorders involve drugs, brain’s reward systems, tolerence and withdrawal.
Examples include:
Substance use disorders
Alcohol-related disorders
Caffeine-, Cannabis-, Hallucinogen-, etc- related disorders
Gambling Disorder
What are some examples of personality disorders?
What general characteristics do they have?
Personality disorders include socially deviant feelings and behavior, pattern of behavior is inflexible, begins in adolescence, and categorized into three “Clusters”.
Ten Personality Disorders:
Cluster A (odd/ eccentric): paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal
Cluster B (dramatic/ eccentric): antisocial, borderline, histronic, and narcissistic
Cluster C (anxious/fearful): avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive
What are some examples of disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders?
What general characteristics do they have?
Disruptive, Impulse-control, and conduct disorders involve problems in self-control and emotions and the behaviors generally violate the rights of others and/ or cause legal trouble.
Examples include:
Oppositional defiant disorder
Intermittent Explosive Disorder
Conduct Disorder
Pyromania
Kleptomania
What are some examples of obsessive-compulsive disorders?
What general characteristics do they have?
Obsessive compulsive disorders involve obsessions (thougts or urges) and compulsions (repeptitive disorders).
Examples include:
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Hoarding Disorder
Trichotillomania
What are some examples of somatic symptom disorders?
What general characteristics do they have?
Somatic symptoms disorders involve excessive and/or medically unexplainable symptoms, commonly encountered in primary care.
Examples include:
Somatic symptom disorder
Illness anxiety disorder
Conversion disorder
Factitious disorder
What are some examples of feeding/ eating disorders?
What general characteristics do they have?
Feeding and eating disorders are characterized by disturbed eating behavior, wherein the consumption and/or absorption of food may be affected.
Examples include:
Pica
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervose
Binge-eating disorder
What are some examples of dissociative disorders?
What general characteristics do they have?
Dissociative disorders involve disruptions and/or discontinuities, or an abnormal integration of consciousness, identity, emotion, etc.
Examples include:
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Dissociative Amnesia
Depresonalization/ derealization disorder
Define Stress.
How do we determine what is stressful? What are some types of stressors?
Stress is anything that poses a threat or challenge to our physical or mental well-being.
We cognitively appraise stress to determine how harmful it could be.
- Primary response: initial evaluation, focuses directly on a present threat, is there a threat?
- Secondary response: evaluation of our ability to cope with this stessor
Types of stressors:
- Catastrophes
- Significant life changes
- Daily hassles
- Ambient
What is general adaptation syndrome in response to stress? What are the stages?
Our resistance to a stressful stimuli is defined through the general adaptation syndrome, which states that first we are alarmed, our and our resistance to stress drops, then our resistance increases during the “resistance” period and finally we become exhausted and our resistance drops off sharply.
Describe a circadian rhythm.
Circadian rhythms are biological clocks, that control increases and decreases in our alertness in predictable ways over a 24 hour cycle.
Physiological indicators of circadian rhythm are melatonin (released by pineal gland), body temperature, and serum corisol levels.
Light exposure and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus regulate sleep, melatonin, and body temp.
Define the stages of sleep. What types of EEG waves dominate the stages?
Stage 1: theta waves; fleeting thoughts
Stage 2: sleep spindles, K-complex; increased relaxation, decreased temp, heart rate, and respiration
Stages 3&4: delta waves; heart and digestion slow, growth hormones secreted, deepest level of sleep
Stage REM: jagged beta waves; dreaming
What is the difference between hypnosis and meditation?
Hypnosis is a state of conciousness where attention is more focused and peripheral awareness is reduced.
Meditation is a practice that induces a mode of consciousness for some purpose. Lower frequency alpha and theta waves, left hemisphere in the brain may be altered.
What is consciousness?
Consciousness is the awareness that we have of ourselves, our internal states, and the environment.
Consciousness includes stages of alertness and sleep.
Alertness and arousal is controlled by the Reticular Activating System (RAS).
What are the classes of consciousness altering drugs? What are some examples of drugs?
What are some behaviors/ physiological responses that drug use can lead to?
- Tolerance: more drug to achieve desired effect
- Withdrawal: symptoms with decreased/ discontinued drug use, dose-dependent and drug-specific
- Addiction: compulsive drug use despite harmful consequences, must have tolerance and withdrawal symptoms to be “addicted”
-
Dependence: due to repeated use, needing to use a drug to function normally
4a. Psychological dependence: drug becomes central to a person’s thoughts, emotions and activities, strong urge to use; any drug can lead to psychological dependence
4b: Physical dependence: presence of withdrawal symptoms, often follows heavy use over several weeks or longer; not all drugs are considered capable of leading to physical dependence
What is the dopamine reward pathway?
The dopamine reward pathway begins in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain and connects to the nucleus accumbens (“pleasure center”).
Dopamine is released in response to rewarding stimuli and mediates the effects of reinforcement. Many addictive drugs stimulate the release of dopamine to reinforce drug use.
