Class 4- Personality, Attitude, Behavior, Motivation, and Emotion Flashcards
What does the OCEAN personality theory stand for?
O: Openness to Experience
C: Conscientiousness
E: Extraversion
A: Agreeableness
N: Neuroticism
Define personality.
What theories have helped explain personality (6)?
Personality encompasses our thoughts, feelings, ways of thinking about things, beliefs, and behaviors.
Theories to help explain personality include:
- Psychoanalytic perspective
- Humanistic perspective
- Behaviorist perspective
- Social cognitive perspective
- Trait perspective
- Biological perspective
What is the Psychoanalytic Perspective?
Psychoanalytic Perspective was developed by Sigmund Freud, personality is largely shaped by the unconcious.
Human behavior is motivated by libido (life instinct) which drives focused on pleasure and survival. The death instinct drives dangerous or destructive behaviors.
The human psyche divided into three components:
- id- unconscious, avoid pain and seek pleasure
- ego- logical thinking/ reality
- superego- moral judgements of right and wrong
What are Freud’s stages of psychosexual development? Around what ages do they each occur?
- Oral (age 0-1 yr)
- Anal (1-3 yr)
- Phallic (3-6); Oedipus complex (males), electra complex (females)
- Latency (6-12)
- Genital (12+)
What are the stages of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development?
- Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy)
- Autonomy vs Shame (Early childhood)
- Initiative vs Guilt (Preschool age)
- Industry vs Inferiority (School age)
- Identity vs Role Confusion (Adolescence)
- Intimacy vs Isolation (Young adulthood)
- Generativity vs Stagnation (Middle age)
- Integrity vs Despair (Later life)
What is the Humanistic Perspective on personality?
The Humanistic Perspective was developed by Carl Rogers and asserts that humans are driven by an actualizing tendency to realize their own highest potential.
Rather than stages, Rogers described human development as progressive.
The main goal of development is the establishment of self-concept. This self-actualization is accomplished when parents exhibit unconditional positive regard.
What is the Behaviorist Perspective of personality?
The Behaviorist Perspective, founded by B.F. Skinner, says personality is a result of learned behavior patterns based on our environment.
Behaviorist perspective says:
- Personality is a result of interaction between individual and environment
- Doesn’t take internal thoughts/ feelings into account
- Deterministic- environmental reinforcement and punishment determine behavior and personality
- personality occurs through classical and operant conditioning
What is the Social Cognitive Perspective of personality?
The Social Cognitive Persepctive of personality, associated with Albert Bandura, says personality is a result of reciprocal interactions among behavioral, cognitive, and ennvironmental factors.
Behavior is learned through observational learning (as well as operant and classical conditioning)
Define the trait perspective on personality.
The trait perspective says personality is a result of traits, which are habitual patterns of behavior, though, and emotion that are relatively stable over time.
Gordon Allport is associated.
Three types of traits:
- Cardinal traits- dominant trait, personalities become known for these traits, rare
- Central traits- general characteristics that form personality, major characteristics of a person (intelligent, honest, shy, etc)
- Secondary traits- only appear in certain situations/ circumstances (anxiety during public speaking)
What is the biological perspective on personality?
The biological perspective states personality is a result of individual difference in brain biology.
Psychologist Hans Eysenck is most associated with this theory.
Studies show evidence for genetic contribution to personality.
How to define heritability?
Heritability is a metric used to determine how much of a variation is caused by genetic differences.
Most human characteristics are polygenic (resulting from multiple genes).
Epigenetic differences are translational changes in DNA sequences that are not triggered by altering DNA sequence.
How to define attitude?
What are the three components of attitude?
Attitude is our evaluation of other people, events, etc, formed from past and present experiences, are measurable, and have an impact on our behaviors and emotions.
The three components include:
- Affect- feelings about the person, object, event
- Behavior- internal/ external response
- Cognition- thoughts and beliefs about person, object, event
When is attitude a better predictor of behavior?
When is behavior likely to influence attitude?
Attitude is a better predictor of behavior when:
- social influences are reduced
- general patterns of behavior (not specific behaviors) are observed
- specific attitude (not general attitudes) are considered
- when self-reflection occurs
Behavior is likely to influence attitude when:
- role-playing (Stanford prison experiment)
- we make public declarations
- put a lot of effort into something (justification of effort)
Define cognitive dissonance.
Cognitive dissonance suggests we feel tension when we hold two thoughts/ beliefs that are incompatible. We try to reduce this tension by making our views match up.
What is motivation?
What influences it?
Motivation is the driving force that causes us to act or behave in certain ways.
Factors that influence motivation:
- Instincts- behaviors that are unlearned and present in fixed patterns througout a species
- Drives- orginate from physiological discomfort
- Needs- includes basic biological needs and higher-level needs (love, belonging)
- Arousal- restlessness, boredom, curiosity may drive behavior
