Class 3 Flashcards
Molding of the scalp
Normal at birth; should resolve around 24-48 hours after birth
Fetal Caput
fluid that gathers in between the skull and tissues that results in pitting edema. this is still considered within normal limits and usually resolves within 24-48 hours after birth.
Caphalohematoma
Collection of blood under the perioston (fibrous membrane covering the surface of the skull bones). Cannot cross suture lines. These areas usually feel like fluid when palpated and will usually go away on their own.
Subgaleal Bleed
These can cross the suture line; they are deeper than a cephalohematoma but not under the skull. Often accompanies some bleeding under the skull
Fontanel
Anterior fontanel: shaped like a diamond
Posterior fontanel: shaped like a triangle
Some premature newborns will have larger fontanels. Every baby should have an anterior fontanel. In term newborns the posterial fontanel will hardly be palpable
Signs of dehydration: sunken in fontanel
Bulging Fontanel: hydrocephalus
Hydrocephaly
Condition when fluid accumulates in the brain and causes enlargement of the head; can cause brain damage; often a symptom of a chromosomal disorder or abnormality
Microcephaly
Face is a normal size but the head shape is a lot smaller; can be caused by genetic abnormalities or if the woman had drugs, alcohol, certain viruses or toxins during pregnancy; brain has not developed enough
Unusual hair whorls or hair growth
There should be one hair whorl at the base of the scalp. Abnormal hair whirls indicate abnormal brain growth/development
Eyelid Edema
Variation of normal; more common when a woman is given IV fluids; should resolve within the first few hours or days of life
Retinal Hemorrhage
Broken blood vessels in the sclera of the eyes
Jaundice
If the newborn baby has jaundice the sclera of the eyes need to be looked at
Dysconjugate Eye movements
Normal; movements should be transient. If the baby’s eyes are fixed this way then it is considered abnormal; usually resolves on its own
Dacrostenosis
When tear ducts are blocked and they need to be opened up, usually by using a warm washcloth and massaging them. Whites of the eyes are white and free of infection. Can take several weeks to resolve.
Ear Tag
Usually genetic, normal; can be present on various parts of their faces
Low set Ear
Ears should be in line with eyes and occiput; usually associated with trisomy or downs syndrome
Milia
Very common benign keratin filled cysts that typically resolve quickly on their own.
Epstein Pearls
White spots in the mouth, normal; epithelial tissues that remains as the palate closes. benign
Cleft lip and Cleft palate
Infants can have both or one or the other, the are abnormal and usually visual. They can make breastfeeding difficult
Lip Tie
Can cause buck teeth and interfere with the baby’s latch. Can lead to the inability of the mom to produce enough milk and low weight infants; can be addressed with surgery
Tongue Tied
Occurs in 4% of newborns; many babies in this condition can breastfeed without difficulty; others are unable to breastfeed and can cause the mother a lot of harm.
Frenulectomy: snipping of that tissue to enable breastfeeding.
micronathia
Small saw, much more severe than a recessed chin; causes difficulty with breastfeeding, caused by underlying genetic conditions or chromosomal abnormalities
Macrosomic (LGA)
Babies that are over alb 13oz; often caused by gestational diabetes. Increases the size of your uterus and makes it harder for your uterus to clamp down afterwards. Women is giving a lot of blood sugar to baby so it can lead to the baby having a severe drop in blood sugar after the cord is cut
SGA vs IUGR/FGR
Babies under 10% in weight/length; considerations made for female gender, race, genetics; screening for this is often inaccurate
Spina Bifida
Backbone and spinal canal do not close before birth; sometimes protrudes outside of skin; surgery is the most common treatment; sometimes it can paralyze a baby; can be associated with other abnormalities
Hernia
Umbilical: common in preterm and low birthweight babies; usually resolves by 1st birthday; needs surgery is not resolved by 5th birthday
Inguinal: surgery is usually performed, can sometimes prevent urinary flow
Severity determines need for surgery.
Polydactyly
Condition when a person has more than five fingers per hand or five toes per foot; can occur on its own or with other anomalies; may be passed down from families; African Americans are the most common ethnic group to inherit a 6th finger; It is usually an extra digit next to the pinky
Syndactyly
Webbing of digits; caused by a failure during the 6th to 8th weeks of intrauterine life; most common abnormality of the newborn hand; when it occurs alone it is always inherited
Hip Dysplasia
Slight dislocation of the hip; good prognosis if it is caught early; it could be genetic, caused by relaxin, or acquired as an infant; Harness and double diapering can help
Club foot
Seen in 1 in 1000 newborns; stretching and casting can correct, more severe requires surgery to straighten out the feed
Hypospadias
Somewhat common birth defect in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside, rather than the end, of the penis
4 in 1,000 boys
Usually have surgery later
Epispadias
The urethra does not develop into a full tube
Boys: usually opening on the top or side of the penis
Girls: open is usually between clitoris and labia, but may be in the belly area
Undescended testes
unilateral: faily common and testes are expected to drop in a week to months time
Bilateris is not common and is considered ambiguous genitalia
Imperforate Anus
Occurs in 1 in 5000 births; surgery required; cause unknown
Down Syndrome
Head and facial features: flattened back of head, almond shaped eyes with one eyelid droopy. flattened bridge across nose, smallish low set ears, smallish mouth, protruding tongue
Hand features: Simeon crease: crease goes from one side of the hand al the way to the other, slightly shortened fingers, little finger curves inward
Foot features: slightly enlarged gap between the big and second toes, slightly shortened toes
Acrocyanosis
bluing of the hands and feet; normal variant; flood flow is going to the vital organs rather than the limbs; normal for babies to have this for a few days
