Class 3

Question 1

Molding of the scalp

Answer 1

Normal at birth; should resolve around 24-48 hours after birth

Question 2

Fetal Caput

Answer 2

fluid that gathers in between the skull and tissues that results in pitting edema. this is still considered within normal limits and usually resolves within 24-48 hours after birth.

Question 3

Caphalohematoma

Answer 3

Collection of blood under the perioston (fibrous membrane covering the surface of the skull bones). Cannot cross suture lines. These areas usually feel like fluid when palpated and will usually go away on their own.

Question 4

Subgaleal Bleed

Answer 4

These can cross the suture line; they are deeper than a cephalohematoma but not under the skull. Often accompanies some bleeding under the skull

Question 5

Fontanel

Answer 5

Anterior fontanel: shaped like a diamond
Posterior fontanel: shaped like a triangle
Some premature newborns will have larger fontanels. Every baby should have an anterior fontanel. In term newborns the posterial fontanel will hardly be palpable
Signs of dehydration: sunken in fontanel
Bulging Fontanel: hydrocephalus

Question 6

Hydrocephaly

Answer 6

Condition when fluid accumulates in the brain and causes enlargement of the head; can cause brain damage; often a symptom of a chromosomal disorder or abnormality

Question 7

Microcephaly

Answer 7

Face is a normal size but the head shape is a lot smaller; can be caused by genetic abnormalities or if the woman had drugs, alcohol, certain viruses or toxins during pregnancy; brain has not developed enough

Question 8

Unusual hair whorls or hair growth

Answer 8

There should be one hair whorl at the base of the scalp. Abnormal hair whirls indicate abnormal brain growth/development

Question 9

Eyelid Edema

Answer 9

Variation of normal; more common when a woman is given IV fluids; should resolve within the first few hours or days of life

Question 10

Retinal Hemorrhage

Answer 10

Broken blood vessels in the sclera of the eyes

Question 11

Jaundice

Answer 11

If the newborn baby has jaundice the sclera of the eyes need to be looked at

Question 12

Dysconjugate Eye movements

Answer 12

Normal; movements should be transient. If the baby’s eyes are fixed this way then it is considered abnormal; usually resolves on its own

Question 13

Dacrostenosis

Answer 13

When tear ducts are blocked and they need to be opened up, usually by using a warm washcloth and massaging them. Whites of the eyes are white and free of infection. Can take several weeks to resolve.

Question 14

Ear Tag

Answer 14

Usually genetic, normal; can be present on various parts of their faces

Question 15

Low set Ear

Answer 15

Ears should be in line with eyes and occiput; usually associated with trisomy or downs syndrome

Question 16

Milia

Answer 16

Very common benign keratin filled cysts that typically resolve quickly on their own.

Question 17

Epstein Pearls

Answer 17

White spots in the mouth, normal; epithelial tissues that remains as the palate closes. benign

Question 18

Cleft lip and Cleft palate

Answer 18

Infants can have both or one or the other, the are abnormal and usually visual. They can make breastfeeding difficult

Question 19

Lip Tie

Answer 19

Can cause buck teeth and interfere with the baby’s latch. Can lead to the inability of the mom to produce enough milk and low weight infants; can be addressed with surgery

Question 20

Tongue Tied

Answer 20

Occurs in 4% of newborns; many babies in this condition can breastfeed without difficulty; others are unable to breastfeed and can cause the mother a lot of harm.
Frenulectomy: snipping of that tissue to enable breastfeeding.

Question 21

micronathia

Answer 21

Small saw, much more severe than a recessed chin; causes difficulty with breastfeeding, caused by underlying genetic conditions or chromosomal abnormalities

Question 22

Macrosomic (LGA)

Answer 22

Babies that are over alb 13oz; often caused by gestational diabetes. Increases the size of your uterus and makes it harder for your uterus to clamp down afterwards. Women is giving a lot of blood sugar to baby so it can lead to the baby having a severe drop in blood sugar after the cord is cut

Question 23

SGA vs IUGR/FGR

Answer 23

Babies under 10% in weight/length; considerations made for female gender, race, genetics; screening for this is often inaccurate

Question 24

Spina Bifida

Answer 24

Backbone and spinal canal do not close before birth; sometimes protrudes outside of skin; surgery is the most common treatment; sometimes it can paralyze a baby; can be associated with other abnormalities

Question 25

Hernia

Answer 25

Umbilical: common in preterm and low birthweight babies; usually resolves by 1st birthday; needs surgery is not resolved by 5th birthday
Inguinal: surgery is usually performed, can sometimes prevent urinary flow
Severity determines need for surgery.

Question 26

Polydactyly

Answer 26

Condition when a person has more than five fingers per hand or five toes per foot; can occur on its own or with other anomalies; may be passed down from families; African Americans are the most common ethnic group to inherit a 6th finger; It is usually an extra digit next to the pinky

Question 27

Syndactyly

Answer 27

Webbing of digits; caused by a failure during the 6th to 8th weeks of intrauterine life; most common abnormality of the newborn hand; when it occurs alone it is always inherited

Question 28

Hip Dysplasia

Answer 28

Slight dislocation of the hip; good prognosis if it is caught early; it could be genetic, caused by relaxin, or acquired as an infant; Harness and double diapering can help

Question 29

Club foot

Answer 29

Seen in 1 in 1000 newborns; stretching and casting can correct, more severe requires surgery to straighten out the feed

Question 30

Hypospadias

Answer 30

Somewhat common birth defect in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside, rather than the end, of the penis
4 in 1,000 boys
Usually have surgery later

Question 31

Epispadias

Answer 31

The urethra does not develop into a full tube
Boys: usually opening on the top or side of the penis
Girls: open is usually between clitoris and labia, but may be in the belly area

Question 32

Undescended testes

Answer 32

unilateral: faily common and testes are expected to drop in a week to months time
Bilateris is not common and is considered ambiguous genitalia

Question 33

Imperforate Anus

Answer 33

Occurs in 1 in 5000 births; surgery required; cause unknown

Question 34

Down Syndrome

Answer 34

Head and facial features: flattened back of head, almond shaped eyes with one eyelid droopy. flattened bridge across nose, smallish low set ears, smallish mouth, protruding tongue
Hand features: Simeon crease: crease goes from one side of the hand al the way to the other, slightly shortened fingers, little finger curves inward
Foot features: slightly enlarged gap between the big and second toes, slightly shortened toes

Question 35

Acrocyanosis

Answer 35

bluing of the hands and feet; normal variant; flood flow is going to the vital organs rather than the limbs; normal for babies to have this for a few days