Class 2 Exam Prep Flashcards
Neural sensory information coming into the CNS or one of its parts (incoming information
afferent
Neural information leaving the CNS or one of its parts (outgoing information)
Efferent
Anatomical orientation nomenclature
illustrates the direction of a cut, or section, through the
brain (part A) from the perspective of a
viewer (part B).
arachnoid membrane
a very thin sheet of delicate connective tissue that follows the brain’s contours
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Part of the PNS that regulates the functioning of
internal organs and glands.
basal ganglia
collection of nuclei that lie within the forebrain just below the white matter of the cortex, this____________consist of three principal structures: the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus, all shown in Figure 2-24. Together with the thalamus and two closely associated structures, the substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus, this____________ form a system that functions primarily to control certain aspects of voluntary movement
brainstem
Central structures of the brain,
including the hindbrain, midbrain, thalamus,
and hypothalamus, that are responsible for
most unconscious behavior
cerebral cortex
Newest, outer layer (“new bark”) of the forebrain, composed
of about six layers of gray matter; creates our reality.
Thin, heavily folded film
of nerve tissue composed of neurons that is
the outer layer of the forebrain. Also called
neocortex.
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Clear solution of sodium chloride and other salts that fills
the ventricles inside the brain and circulates
around the brain and spinal cord beneath the
arachnoid layer in the subarachnoid space
corpus callosum
Band of white matter containing about 200 million nerve fibers
that connects the two cerebral hemispheres to provide a route for direct communication between them.
cranial nerves
One of a set of 12 nerve pairs
that control sensory and motor functions of
the head, neck, and internal organs
cytoarchitectonic map
Map of the neocortex based on the organization, structure, and
distribution of the cells.
dura
hard mother”) is a tough double layer
of fibrous tissue that encloses the brain and spinal cord in a kind of loose sack
frontal lobe
Part of the cerebral cortex often
generally characterized as performing the
brain’s “executive” functions, such as decision
making; lies anterior to the central sulcus and
beneath the frontal bone of the skull
glial cell
glial cells aid and modulate the neurons’ activities—for example,
by insulating neurons.
gray matter
Areas of the nervous system
composed predominantly of cell bodies and
capillary blood vessels that function either to
collect and modify information or to support
this activity
gyrus
Bumps on the cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
Diencephalon structure
that contains many nuclei associated with
temperature regulation, eating, drinking, and
sexual behavior.
law of Bell and Magendie
The general
principle that sensory fibers are located
dorsally and motor fibers are located ventrally
limbic system
Disparate forebrain structures
lying between the neocortex and the
brainstem that form a functional system
controlling affective and motivated behaviors
and certain forms of memory; includes
cingulate cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus,
among other structures.
lobes
arbitrarily defined regions that include many different functional zones, frontal,parietal, temporal and occipital
Three layers of protective tissue—
dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater—that
encase the brain and spinal cord
Meninges
Central part of the brain that
contains neural circuits for hearing and seeing
as well as orienting movements
midbrain
new bark is the tissue that is visible when we view the brain from the outside,
neocortex
bundles of fibers located outside these CNS structures are typically referred to simply as
nerve
The nervous system’s
potential for physical or chemical change that
enhances its adaptability to environmental
change and its ability to compensate for
injury.
neuroplasticity
Structure containing
the chromosomes and genes
Necleus
