Class 2

Question 1

What children need for healthy development

Answer 1

• Health: nutrition, hygiene, environment, healthcare, education, maternal health
• Stimulation and the opportunity to interact with the environment in ways that support cognitive, motor, language, and social-emotional development
• Stable supportive interpersonal relationships: attachment to a consistent primary caregiver

Question 2

Bowlby’s attachment theory

Answer 2

-early work with institutionalized juvenile delinquents (“44 Juvenile thieves”)
Studied institutional attachment and found that children separated at a young age from their caregivers (secondary to hospitalization), went on to have difficulty forming lasting relationships later in life

Question 3

Chess and Thomas’s temperament

Answer 3

Easy: biological regularity, positive approach to most new situations, easy adaptability to change, mild or moderately intense mood is predominately positive

Difficult: biological irregularity, negative withdrawal from most new situations, slow adaptability to change, intense moods that are predominately negative

Slow to warm: Negative responses to new situations, slow adaptation, may have good biological negativity, mild expressions of mood

Question 4

4. Mary Ainsworth’s strange situation

Answer 4

Ainsworth created “The Strange Situation”, an infant is brought into laboratory playroom by their mother first separation mother leaves the child with a stranger second separation mother leaves the child alone.
Ainsworth developed a coding system to categorize the child’s pattern of attachment behaviors as reflective of the quality of caregiver-infant attachment relationship

Question 5

What are the different kinds of attachment styles

Answer 5

Secure attachment: distressed, seeks contact, easily soothed, returns to play, parent is responsive and available

insecure-avoidant: not overtly distressed, ignores or turns away, does not resume prior level of play, parent is unavailable and rejecting

insecure-ambivalent: distressed, seeks then angrily rejects contact, not soothed does not return readily to play

disorganized: distressed, approach/avoid, mistimed, incoherent, freezing, irresolvable dilemma: parent is source of security AND ALSO source of fear, typically associated with parental trauma and maltreatment

Question 6

Reactive attachment disorder

Answer 6

• -A consistent pattern of inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers, manifested by both of the following:
  1. The child rarely or minimally seeks comfort when distressed
  2. The child rarely or minimally responds to comfort when distressed
• -A persistent social and emotional disturbance characterized by at least two of the following:
  1. Minimal social and emotional responsiveness to others
  2. Limited positive affect
  3. Episodes of unexplained irritability, sadness, or fearfulness that are evident even during nonthreatening. Interactions with adult caregivers

–The child has experienced a pattern of extremes of insufficient care as evidenced by at least one of the following:
Social neglect or deprivation in the form of persistent lack of having basic emotional needs for comfort, stimulation, and
affection met by caregiving adults.
2. Repeated changes of primary caregivers that limit opportunities to form stable attachments (e.g. frequent changes in foster care)
3. Rearing in unusual settings that severely limit opportunities to form selective attachments (e.g. institutions with high child-to-caregiver ratios)

Question 7

Developmental changes seen in children who have been abused and neglected

Answer 7

PHYSICAL: smaller in height, weight, head, and chest circumference
–approximately 1 month for every 5 months spent in an orphanage
BEHAVIORAL: lower IQs, more hyperactivity and impulsivity, self stimulation is common such as rocking behaviors, head banging, shaking, visual stimulation with hand wiggling and flapping
-Aggression is more common in adopted children
-These behaviors decrease significantly after adoption

Question 8

Basic findings of the Romanian Adoption study

Answer 8

–The children adopted later were more likely than the early adoption or those raised by bio parents to have
Impaired attachments/ disorders of “non-attachment”
–Children adopted after 8 months of age were also more likely to have
—-Behavior problems
—-Lower scores on the
—–Stanford Binet IQ test
Familial stressors

Question 9

notes

Answer 9

• -children adopted after 8 ms of age showed more secure attachment over time
• -in fact, over time, there were no group differences in attachment between the children adopted after 8 ms of age or those raised by bio parents
• -Early institutional experience had an impact on security of attachment only when coupled with other stressors in the adoptive home