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Nursing Research > Class 2 > Flashcards

Class 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are knowledge gaps?

A

//absence of theoretical and/or empirical knowledge relavent to the phenomenon of interest

//nurses ask questions that require answers from experts in the field

//part of the knowledge development process

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2
Q

what is knowledge generation?

A

//conduction of research that provides answers to well-thought-out research questions.

//qualitative and quantitative methods are used

//part of the knowledge development process

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3
Q

what is knowledge distribution?

A

//sharing of research with profession through formal (presentation, journal, publications, reports) and informal (media, internet, social networks) reporting methods

//part of the knowledge development process

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4
Q

what is knowledge adoption?

A

//new knowledge used to alter practice and develop policies and procedures

//part of the knowledge development process

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5
Q

what is knowledge review and revision?

A

//new health issues lead to the asking of new questions

//old knowledge is revised or excluded

//new questions prompt need for new research

//part of the knowledge development process

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6
Q

what is the knowledge development process?

A 
knowledge gap
knowledge generation
knowledge distribution
knowledge adoption
knowledge review and revision

//it is a cycle!

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7
Q

what are the ways that nurses have knowledge?

A 
//personal
//experiential
//ethical
//aesthetic
//sociopolitical
//theoretical/empirical
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8
Q

what is meant by personal knowledge?

A

//knowledge that comes from the inner experiences and maturation of the nurse

//encompasses becoming a whole, aware, genuine, and authentic self

//continual life process that occurs with deep reflection

//allows for true interpersonal relationships

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9
Q

what is meant by experiential knowledge?

A

//knowledge that comes from repeated exposure to situations that lead to the refining of earlier ideas and thoughts

//involves movement along a continuum of novice-> competent -> expert practitioner

//expert practitioner is fully engaged and attuned to each situation and responds on the basis of past learning

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10
Q

what is meant by ethical knowledge?

A

//moral component of nursing knowledge

//encompasses the moral principles, codes, and theories of ethical conduct

//the moment-to-moment judgement of what is “right” and “responsible”

//involves confrontation and resolution of ethical conflicts

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11
Q

what is meant by aesthetic knowledge?

A

//the art of nursing

//the expressive, intuitive, and creative aspect of nursing

//practice that incorporates poetry, art, music, and stories, allowing a deep understanding of the human experience

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12
Q

what is meant by sociopolitical knowledge?

A

//contextual knowledge that moves beyond nurse-patient relationship and the profession

//understanding of culture, society, and politics

//awareness of how society is organized and its implications for health

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13
Q

what is meant by theoretical/empirical knowledge?

A

//scientific knowledge

//development and testing of theories/theoretical models

//observation and measurement of case-specified issues and phenomena

//quantitative and qualitative research

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14
Q

what kind of activities are considered observations?

A

//speaking with people about life experiences

//observing social or cultural interactions

//delivering an intervention

//using surveys or questionaires

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15
Q

what is theoretical knowledge?

A

it is concerned with development and or testing theories or ideas that nursing researchers have about how the world operates

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16
Q

what are philosophical beliefs?

A

beliefs that motivate values, concepts, principles and the nature of human knowledge of an individual/group/culture

basis for worldview/paradigm

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17
Q

paradigm

A

from the greek word paradeigma meaning pattern

represents a set of beliefs and practices, shared by communities of researchers that guide the knowledge development process

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18
Q

what are the three research paradigms that guide nursing research?

A

//post-positivism

//constructivism

//social critical theory

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19
Q

what is ontology

A

from the greek word onto meaning to be

it is the science or study of being or existence and its relationship to nonexistence

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20
Q

what are the two primary questions ontology addresses?

A
  1. what can be said to exist?

2. into what categories can existing things be sorted?

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21
Q

what is epistemology?

A

from the greek word epiteme meaning knowledge

branch of philosophy addressing what is known to be “truth”

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22
Q

what are the three central questions epistemology addresses?

A
  1. what is knowledge
  2. how do we know what we know
  3. what is the scope/limitation of knowledge
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23
Q

what does methodology refer to?

A

discipline-specific principles, rules, and procedures that guide the process through which knowledge is acquired

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24
Q

what is the aim of inquiry?

A

this phrase refers to the goals or specific objectives of the research

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25
Q

what is context?

A

refers to the personal, social, and political environment in which a phenomenon of interest occurs

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26
Q

what are values?

A

the personal beliefs of the researcher

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27
Q

what is post-positivism?

A

it is a philisophical orientation that suggests that a material world exists

that things can be sensed(i.e. seen, touched, heard, tasted)

governed by the expressed belief that although not all things can be understood or explained, many things can be.

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28
Q

what does post-positivism emphasize?

A

the proving/disproving of theories for the purpose of explaining, predicting, and controlling specific outcomes.

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29
Q

what quality does post-positivism value?

A

objectivity

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30
Q

what does post-positivism encourage?

A

intense scrutiny of research findings for the purpose of excluding knowledge that was not developed through a rigorous process

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31
Q

what is constructivism?

A

a philosophical orientation that suggests reality and the way in which we understand our world are largely dependent on our perception

//truth as viewed by post-positivists, is flawed because truth is never absolute

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32
Q

what is the value of knowledge from the constructivist perspective?

A

//views knowledge as valuable in it’s ability to understand how people perceive their world

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33
Q

what is valued by constructivists?

A

subjectivity (personal knowing) over objectivity (qualified knowing)

//aims of this form of research is to create understanding of people and their life experiences from their point of view

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34
Q

what is critical social thought?

A

a philosophical orientation that suggests that reality and our understanding of reality is constructed by people with the most power at a particular point in history

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35
Q

what does critical social thought place a strong emphasis on?

A

//understanding health and illness within the context of history

//understanding how power imbalances associated with social/ political/ economical/ cultural factors influence health and well-being

//supports understanding that health and other aspects of reality are shaped by numerous social, political, economical, and cultural factors (gender, economic/social status,etc)

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36
Q

is objectivity a goal in critical social thought?

A

no, an understanding of people’s experience from their perspective is highly valued

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37
Q

what is the goal of knowledge development in critical social thought?

A

to provide evidence that will support change or the transformation of reality

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38
Q

what does critical social thought incorporate?

A

feminist theory and action research

these approaches to research examine how an individual’s or a group’s position in society shapes that individual’s or a group’s experiences and causes differential or unequal access to resources, power, autonomy, and privilege

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39
Q

is all research based on a paradigm?

A

yes! but that paradigm is rarely id paradigmentified in a rsearch report

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40
Q

which paradigm is the basis for most quantitative and to a smaller extent qualitative research?

A

the post-positive paradigm

41
Q

what paradigm is the grounded theory based on?

A

the cause and effect philosophy of the post-positivist

42
Q

which paradigm is the basis of research that grants importance to hermeneutics?

A

the constructivist paradigm

43
Q

what is hermeneutics?

A

the interpretation of written, oral, and visual communication

44
Q

which theory uses quantitative and qualitative research to highlight historical and current experiences of suffering, conflict, and collective struggles?

A

critical social theory

45
Q

what type of theorist would be interested in answering the question: how effective is tamoxifen in reducing breast cancer among at risk women?

A

post-positivist

46
Q

what type of theorist would be interested in answering the question: what is the lived experience of women who are being treated for breast cancer?

A

constructivist

47
Q

what type of theorist studies phenomena through the eyes of people living in the situations?

A

constructivist

48
Q

in epistemology, what is the view of truth?

A

//that it varies and is subjective

//context is important

//description of experience is vital

//what’s true for one may not be true for another

49
Q

which type of theorist would be most interested in answering the question: does access to cancer treatment vary by racial/ethnic groups

A

critical social theory

50
Q

what ontological belief guides critical social orientation?

A

the belief that reality is documented by individuals with the most power at particular points in history

51
Q

which theory oriented researchers believe reality and people’s experiences are shaped by numerous social, political, economical and cultural forces?

A

social critical theory oriented researchers

52
Q

what is the goal of critical research?

A

to critique, change, and reconstruct reality (tell a different story) and to alleviate the experience of social injustices/inequalities. the research process creates change in study participants, the researcher, and society

53
Q

are values in all research?

A

yes!

for post-positivist, it is vital that values not influence the results of researh

critical social and constructivist researchers accept values and their potential influences on the research as a natural part of the research process

54
Q

what are the two major categories of research methods?

A

qualitative

quantitative

55
Q

what is qualitative research?

A

the systematic, interactive, and subjective research method used to describe and give meaning to life experiences

56
Q

when would a researcher conduct a qualitative research study?

A

if the question to be answered concerns understanding the meaning of a human experience (like grief, hope or loss)

57
Q

what are the seven steps of the qualitative research process?

A
  1. identify the research purpose and question
  2. select a small group of people who have experienced the phenomenon of interest
  3. conduct interviews about the phenomenon of interest or observe the group experiencing the phenomenon
  4. analyze the data collected and look for recurring themes
  5. review of literature
  6. conduct further interviews and observations until no new themes occur - saturation
    * **repeat step 5
  7. summarize the findings and describe the human experience
58
Q

where is qualitative research usually conducted?

A

in “natural” environments

59
Q

is qualitative data collected from a large or small group of people

A

generally a small group and it is studied in-depth

60
Q

what is the kind of data generally collected in qualitative studies

A

text describing the experience being studied, not numerical

61
Q

what is the purpose of qualitative research?

A

to create meaning about a phenomena

62
Q

what is the purpose of quantitative research?

A

to systematically describe a phenomenon

63
Q

when would a researcher choose to conduct a quantitative study?

A

if the question to be answered concerned testing for the presence of specific relationships, assessing for group differences, clarifying cause-and-effect interactions, or explaining how effective a nursing intervention is

64
Q

what does the quantitative method entail?

A

the use of objective, precise, and highly controlled measurement techniques to gather information that can be analyzed and summarized statistically

65
Q

what is the main difference between the quantitative and qualitative research process steps?

A

unlike qualitative research, where literature is generally consulted later after collecting data, literature review is the second step of the quantitative research process

66
Q

what are the steps in the quantitative research process?

A
  1. identify the research purpose and question
  2. review the literature to see what is known about the concepts of interest
  3. identify a framework that best explains how the concepts relate to one another
  4. decide on the most suitable and rigorous stud design
  5. select a sample and measure the concepts of interest
  6. analyze the data and report whether your hypotheses are likely to be true or false
67
Q

is choosing the design important to quantitative research?

A

yeah! need to decide which design is most appropriate for answering the research question (choices include descriptive, correlational, longitudinal, quasiexperimental, and experimental designs)

68
Q

both research methods use systematic methodologies, but how do they differ?

A

quantitative methods emphasize control of research process, environment in which study is conducted, and how each variable is measure. responses are chosen from a limited and pre-selected list of responses

in contrast, qualitative methods look for in-depth and individualized responses

69
Q

what does a framework provided for quantitative research projects?

A

a way for researchers and consumers to understand how a phenomenon comes to exist

70
Q

are frameworks abstract or concrete

A

either

71
Q

true or false: social determinants of health are a framework?

A

true

72
Q

what do methodological frameworks do?

A

serve as a guide for conducting qualitative research studies

//identify the principles, rules, and procedures that guide the process through which knowledge is aquired

73
Q

what is the human becoming basic research method?

A

a method using hermeneutics to discover the meaning people assign to their different lived experiences as expressed in text and art

method consist of a dialogue between the researcher and text or art form to answer research questions (what does it mean to be human?)

74
Q

which research method starts with and which ends with a framework?

A

quantitative research beings with a theoretical framework

the findings of a qualitative study often lead to the creation of a theoretical framework

75
Q

what is a theory?

A

a set of interrelated concepts that provides a systematic view of a phenomenon

76
Q

what does theory do?

A

guides practice and research

77
Q

what does practice do?

A

enables testing of theory and generates questions for research

78
Q

what does research do?

A

contributes to theory building and establishes practice guidlines

79
Q

what are the three inter-related links contributing to nursing knowledge?

A

theory, practice and research

80
Q

what is inductive reasoning?

A

a process of starting with the details of experience and moving to a general picture

involves the observation of particular set of instances that belong to and can be identified as part of a larger set

81
Q

what is deductive reasoning?

A

a process starting with a general picture and moving in a specific direction for practice and research

82
Q

in general, when a researcher is using a qualitative inquiry and inductive reasoning methods, where is the framework discribed?

A

at the end of the publication in the discussion section

83
Q

what is a model?

A

a symbolic representation of a set of concepts that is created to depict relationships

84
Q

what is the ladder of abstraction

A 
goes from concrete at the bottom to abstract at the top
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
worldview
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
framework
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
theories
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
concepts
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
variables
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
85
Q

what are variables?

A

elements that can be observed through the senses

measurable properties of a quantitative study

86
Q

what is a conceptual definition?

A

like a dictionary definition, with a bit more info

conveys general meaning of concept AND concept is defined as it is rooted in the theoretical literature

87
Q

what is an operational definition?

A

specifies how the concept will be measured

what instruments will be used to capture essence of the variable

88
Q

what is a concept?

A

closer to the low end of the ladder of abstraction, a concept is an image or symbolic representation of an abstract idea

complex mental formulation of experience

the major components of theory and convey the abstract ideas within the theory

89
Q

what is a hypothesis?

A

a tentative statement of relationship between two or more variables that can be empirically tested

a prediction of what is expected as findings about the variable outlined in the study

90
Q

what is a conceptual framework?

A

a structure of concepts, theories, or both that is used to construct a map for a study

presents a theory which explains why the phenomenon being studied exists

generally constructed from a review of literature or developed as part of a qualitative research project

91
Q

what is a theoretical framework?

A

a structure of concepts, theories, or both that is used to construct a map for study.

based on philosophical or theorized belief or understanding of why the phenomenon under study exists

92
Q

the scientific approaches used to generate nursing knowledge reflect both ___ and ___ resasoning

A

inductive and deductive

93
Q

the interaction among theory, ___, and ___ is central to knowledge development in nursing

A

practice

research

94
Q

_____ frameworks are created by the researcher, whereas ____ frameworks are identified by literature

A

conceptual

theoretical

95
Q

the use of framework for research is important as a guide to systematically identify concepts and link appropriate study variable with each concept. True or False?

A

true

96
Q

___ and ___ definitions are critical in the evolution of a study, regardless of whether they are explicitly stated

A

conceptual and operational

97
Q

when you critique a framework for research, what should be examined?

A

logical, consistent link between the framework, concepts for study and the methods of data collection

98
Q

midrange theories are at a level of abstraction that enhances their usefullness for?

A

guiding practice and research

99
Q

theories are distinguished by scope, what are the types and their scopes?

A

grand theory // broadest, highest level of abstraction
midranged theory // middle of ladder of abstraction
microranged theory // most narrow in scope at lowest level of ladder of abstraction

Nursing Research (2 decks)

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