Class 2 Flashcards
what are knowledge gaps?
//absence of theoretical and/or empirical knowledge relavent to the phenomenon of interest
//nurses ask questions that require answers from experts in the field
//part of the knowledge development process
what is knowledge generation?
//conduction of research that provides answers to well-thought-out research questions.
//qualitative and quantitative methods are used
//part of the knowledge development process
what is knowledge distribution?
//sharing of research with profession through formal (presentation, journal, publications, reports) and informal (media, internet, social networks) reporting methods
//part of the knowledge development process
what is knowledge adoption?
//new knowledge used to alter practice and develop policies and procedures
//part of the knowledge development process
what is knowledge review and revision?
//new health issues lead to the asking of new questions
//old knowledge is revised or excluded
//new questions prompt need for new research
//part of the knowledge development process
what is the knowledge development process?
knowledge gap knowledge generation knowledge distribution knowledge adoption knowledge review and revision
//it is a cycle!
what are the ways that nurses have knowledge?
//personal //experiential //ethical //aesthetic //sociopolitical //theoretical/empirical
what is meant by personal knowledge?
//knowledge that comes from the inner experiences and maturation of the nurse
//encompasses becoming a whole, aware, genuine, and authentic self
//continual life process that occurs with deep reflection
//allows for true interpersonal relationships
what is meant by experiential knowledge?
//knowledge that comes from repeated exposure to situations that lead to the refining of earlier ideas and thoughts
//involves movement along a continuum of novice-> competent -> expert practitioner
//expert practitioner is fully engaged and attuned to each situation and responds on the basis of past learning
what is meant by ethical knowledge?
//moral component of nursing knowledge
//encompasses the moral principles, codes, and theories of ethical conduct
//the moment-to-moment judgement of what is “right” and “responsible”
//involves confrontation and resolution of ethical conflicts
what is meant by aesthetic knowledge?
//the art of nursing
//the expressive, intuitive, and creative aspect of nursing
//practice that incorporates poetry, art, music, and stories, allowing a deep understanding of the human experience
what is meant by sociopolitical knowledge?
//contextual knowledge that moves beyond nurse-patient relationship and the profession
//understanding of culture, society, and politics
//awareness of how society is organized and its implications for health
what is meant by theoretical/empirical knowledge?
//scientific knowledge
//development and testing of theories/theoretical models
//observation and measurement of case-specified issues and phenomena
//quantitative and qualitative research
what kind of activities are considered observations?
//speaking with people about life experiences
//observing social or cultural interactions
//delivering an intervention
//using surveys or questionaires
what is theoretical knowledge?
it is concerned with development and or testing theories or ideas that nursing researchers have about how the world operates
what are philosophical beliefs?
beliefs that motivate values, concepts, principles and the nature of human knowledge of an individual/group/culture
basis for worldview/paradigm
paradigm
from the greek word paradeigma meaning pattern
represents a set of beliefs and practices, shared by communities of researchers that guide the knowledge development process
what are the three research paradigms that guide nursing research?
//post-positivism
//constructivism
//social critical theory
what is ontology
from the greek word onto meaning to be
it is the science or study of being or existence and its relationship to nonexistence
what are the two primary questions ontology addresses?
- what can be said to exist?
2. into what categories can existing things be sorted?
what is epistemology?
from the greek word epiteme meaning knowledge
branch of philosophy addressing what is known to be “truth”
what are the three central questions epistemology addresses?
- what is knowledge
- how do we know what we know
- what is the scope/limitation of knowledge
what does methodology refer to?
discipline-specific principles, rules, and procedures that guide the process through which knowledge is acquired
what is the aim of inquiry?
this phrase refers to the goals or specific objectives of the research
what is context?
refers to the personal, social, and political environment in which a phenomenon of interest occurs
what are values?
the personal beliefs of the researcher
what is post-positivism?
it is a philisophical orientation that suggests that a material world exists
that things can be sensed(i.e. seen, touched, heard, tasted)
governed by the expressed belief that although not all things can be understood or explained, many things can be.
what does post-positivism emphasize?
the proving/disproving of theories for the purpose of explaining, predicting, and controlling specific outcomes.
what quality does post-positivism value?
objectivity
what does post-positivism encourage?
intense scrutiny of research findings for the purpose of excluding knowledge that was not developed through a rigorous process
what is constructivism?
a philosophical orientation that suggests reality and the way in which we understand our world are largely dependent on our perception
//truth as viewed by post-positivists, is flawed because truth is never absolute
what is the value of knowledge from the constructivist perspective?
//views knowledge as valuable in it’s ability to understand how people perceive their world
what is valued by constructivists?
subjectivity (personal knowing) over objectivity (qualified knowing)
//aims of this form of research is to create understanding of people and their life experiences from their point of view
what is critical social thought?
a philosophical orientation that suggests that reality and our understanding of reality is constructed by people with the most power at a particular point in history
what does critical social thought place a strong emphasis on?
//understanding health and illness within the context of history
//understanding how power imbalances associated with social/ political/ economical/ cultural factors influence health and well-being
//supports understanding that health and other aspects of reality are shaped by numerous social, political, economical, and cultural factors (gender, economic/social status,etc)
is objectivity a goal in critical social thought?
no, an understanding of people’s experience from their perspective is highly valued
what is the goal of knowledge development in critical social thought?
to provide evidence that will support change or the transformation of reality
what does critical social thought incorporate?
feminist theory and action research
these approaches to research examine how an individual’s or a group’s position in society shapes that individual’s or a group’s experiences and causes differential or unequal access to resources, power, autonomy, and privilege
is all research based on a paradigm?
yes! but that paradigm is rarely id paradigmentified in a rsearch report
which paradigm is the basis for most quantitative and to a smaller extent qualitative research?
the post-positive paradigm
what paradigm is the grounded theory based on?
the cause and effect philosophy of the post-positivist
which paradigm is the basis of research that grants importance to hermeneutics?
the constructivist paradigm
what is hermeneutics?
the interpretation of written, oral, and visual communication
which theory uses quantitative and qualitative research to highlight historical and current experiences of suffering, conflict, and collective struggles?
critical social theory
what type of theorist would be interested in answering the question: how effective is tamoxifen in reducing breast cancer among at risk women?
post-positivist
what type of theorist would be interested in answering the question: what is the lived experience of women who are being treated for breast cancer?
constructivist
what type of theorist studies phenomena through the eyes of people living in the situations?
constructivist
in epistemology, what is the view of truth?
//that it varies and is subjective
//context is important
//description of experience is vital
//what’s true for one may not be true for another
which type of theorist would be most interested in answering the question: does access to cancer treatment vary by racial/ethnic groups
critical social theory
what ontological belief guides critical social orientation?
the belief that reality is documented by individuals with the most power at particular points in history
which theory oriented researchers believe reality and people’s experiences are shaped by numerous social, political, economical and cultural forces?
social critical theory oriented researchers
what is the goal of critical research?
to critique, change, and reconstruct reality (tell a different story) and to alleviate the experience of social injustices/inequalities. the research process creates change in study participants, the researcher, and society
are values in all research?
yes!
for post-positivist, it is vital that values not influence the results of researh
critical social and constructivist researchers accept values and their potential influences on the research as a natural part of the research process
what are the two major categories of research methods?
qualitative
quantitative
what is qualitative research?
the systematic, interactive, and subjective research method used to describe and give meaning to life experiences
when would a researcher conduct a qualitative research study?
if the question to be answered concerns understanding the meaning of a human experience (like grief, hope or loss)
what are the seven steps of the qualitative research process?
- identify the research purpose and question
- select a small group of people who have experienced the phenomenon of interest
- conduct interviews about the phenomenon of interest or observe the group experiencing the phenomenon
- analyze the data collected and look for recurring themes
- review of literature
- conduct further interviews and observations until no new themes occur - saturation
* **repeat step 5 - summarize the findings and describe the human experience
where is qualitative research usually conducted?
in “natural” environments
is qualitative data collected from a large or small group of people
generally a small group and it is studied in-depth
what is the kind of data generally collected in qualitative studies
text describing the experience being studied, not numerical
what is the purpose of qualitative research?
to create meaning about a phenomena
what is the purpose of quantitative research?
to systematically describe a phenomenon
when would a researcher choose to conduct a quantitative study?
if the question to be answered concerned testing for the presence of specific relationships, assessing for group differences, clarifying cause-and-effect interactions, or explaining how effective a nursing intervention is
what does the quantitative method entail?
the use of objective, precise, and highly controlled measurement techniques to gather information that can be analyzed and summarized statistically
what is the main difference between the quantitative and qualitative research process steps?
unlike qualitative research, where literature is generally consulted later after collecting data, literature review is the second step of the quantitative research process
what are the steps in the quantitative research process?
- identify the research purpose and question
- review the literature to see what is known about the concepts of interest
- identify a framework that best explains how the concepts relate to one another
- decide on the most suitable and rigorous stud design
- select a sample and measure the concepts of interest
- analyze the data and report whether your hypotheses are likely to be true or false
is choosing the design important to quantitative research?
yeah! need to decide which design is most appropriate for answering the research question (choices include descriptive, correlational, longitudinal, quasiexperimental, and experimental designs)
both research methods use systematic methodologies, but how do they differ?
quantitative methods emphasize control of research process, environment in which study is conducted, and how each variable is measure. responses are chosen from a limited and pre-selected list of responses
in contrast, qualitative methods look for in-depth and individualized responses
what does a framework provided for quantitative research projects?
a way for researchers and consumers to understand how a phenomenon comes to exist
are frameworks abstract or concrete
either
true or false: social determinants of health are a framework?
true
what do methodological frameworks do?
serve as a guide for conducting qualitative research studies
//identify the principles, rules, and procedures that guide the process through which knowledge is aquired
what is the human becoming basic research method?
a method using hermeneutics to discover the meaning people assign to their different lived experiences as expressed in text and art
method consist of a dialogue between the researcher and text or art form to answer research questions (what does it mean to be human?)
which research method starts with and which ends with a framework?
quantitative research beings with a theoretical framework
the findings of a qualitative study often lead to the creation of a theoretical framework
what is a theory?
a set of interrelated concepts that provides a systematic view of a phenomenon
what does theory do?
guides practice and research
what does practice do?
enables testing of theory and generates questions for research
what does research do?
contributes to theory building and establishes practice guidlines
what are the three inter-related links contributing to nursing knowledge?
theory, practice and research
what is inductive reasoning?
a process of starting with the details of experience and moving to a general picture
involves the observation of particular set of instances that belong to and can be identified as part of a larger set
what is deductive reasoning?
a process starting with a general picture and moving in a specific direction for practice and research
in general, when a researcher is using a qualitative inquiry and inductive reasoning methods, where is the framework discribed?
at the end of the publication in the discussion section
what is a model?
a symbolic representation of a set of concepts that is created to depict relationships
what is the ladder of abstraction
goes from concrete at the bottom to abstract at the top \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ worldview \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ framework \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ theories \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ concepts \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ variables \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
what are variables?
elements that can be observed through the senses
measurable properties of a quantitative study
what is a conceptual definition?
like a dictionary definition, with a bit more info
conveys general meaning of concept AND concept is defined as it is rooted in the theoretical literature
what is an operational definition?
specifies how the concept will be measured
what instruments will be used to capture essence of the variable
what is a concept?
closer to the low end of the ladder of abstraction, a concept is an image or symbolic representation of an abstract idea
complex mental formulation of experience
the major components of theory and convey the abstract ideas within the theory
what is a hypothesis?
a tentative statement of relationship between two or more variables that can be empirically tested
a prediction of what is expected as findings about the variable outlined in the study
what is a conceptual framework?
a structure of concepts, theories, or both that is used to construct a map for a study
presents a theory which explains why the phenomenon being studied exists
generally constructed from a review of literature or developed as part of a qualitative research project
what is a theoretical framework?
a structure of concepts, theories, or both that is used to construct a map for study.
based on philosophical or theorized belief or understanding of why the phenomenon under study exists
the scientific approaches used to generate nursing knowledge reflect both ___ and ___ resasoning
inductive and deductive
the interaction among theory, ___, and ___ is central to knowledge development in nursing
practice
research
_____ frameworks are created by the researcher, whereas ____ frameworks are identified by literature
conceptual
theoretical
the use of framework for research is important as a guide to systematically identify concepts and link appropriate study variable with each concept. True or False?
true
___ and ___ definitions are critical in the evolution of a study, regardless of whether they are explicitly stated
conceptual and operational
when you critique a framework for research, what should be examined?
logical, consistent link between the framework, concepts for study and the methods of data collection
midrange theories are at a level of abstraction that enhances their usefullness for?
guiding practice and research
theories are distinguished by scope, what are the types and their scopes?
grand theory // broadest, highest level of abstraction
midranged theory // middle of ladder of abstraction
microranged theory // most narrow in scope at lowest level of ladder of abstraction
