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Nursing Research > Class 1/2 > Flashcards

Class 1/2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are Carper’s four fundamental patterns of knowing in nursing?

A
  1. empirical knowledge, the science of nursing
  2. aesthetics, the art of nursing
  3. the component of personal knowledge
  4. ethics, the component of moral knowledge of nursing
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2
Q

what is empirical knowledge?

A

knowledge based on research findings

represents one source of knowledge within a larger body of knowledge

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3
Q

what is research?

A

the systematic, rigorous, logical investigation that aims to answer questions about nursing phenomena

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4
Q

what is a phenomena?

A

occurances, circumstances, or facts that are perceptible by the senses

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5
Q

what are the two types of research?

A

quantitative

qualitative

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6
Q

what is the difference in research methods used by nurses?

A

they are the same methods used by other disciplines , the difference is that nurses study questions relevant to nursing practice

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7
Q

what is evidence-based practice?

A

conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients

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8
Q

what does evidence-based nursing refer to?

A

the incorporation of evidence from research, clinical expertise, client preferences and other available resources to make decisions about clients

through research utilization efforts, knowledge obtained from research is transformed into clinical practice, which results in nursing practice that is evidence-based

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9
Q

what is evidence-informed practice?

A

incorporates expert opinion, clinical expertise, patient preference, and other resources

involves acknowledging and considering the myriad factors beyond such evidence as local indigenous knowledge, cultural and religious norms, and clinical judgement

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10
Q

how does the CNA describe evidence-informed decision-making?

A

it is a continuous interactive process involving the explicit, conscientious, and judicious consideration of the best available evidence in practice

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11
Q

how does research differ from evidence-informed practice?

A

research and EIP both begin with a question, however research the question is tested with specific methods (sample, instruments, procedures, and data analysis)

in EIP the question is used to search literature for studies already used to search the literature for studies already completed that you will critically appraise in order to answer your clinical quesiton

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12
Q

what is a clinical question?

A

???

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13
Q

how does scientific investigation align with the profession of nursing?

A

scientific investigation promotes accountability, which is one of the hallmarks of the nursing profession and fundamental competency for all registered nurses

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14
Q

what is the skill of critical appraisal?

A

being a knowledgeable consumer of research, whereby you can appraise research evidence and use existing standards to determine the merit and readiness of resarch for use in clinical practice

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15
Q

what is the expected competency of practicing RNs with respect to research?

A

that they be able to read the research critically and appraise the steps of it in order to use it to inform your clinical decisions

need to discriminate between interesting findings for which further investigation is required and those sufficiently supported by evidence before applying findings to practice.

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16
Q

what does research link?

A

it links theory, education, and practice

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17
Q

what is a consumer of research?

A

a consumer of research actively uses and applies research

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18
Q

what is systematic collection of data?

A

relating to a clinical question

methodical documentation

practice questions leading to research and research leading to practice questions in a circular cycle

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19
Q

what is the role of RNs in research?

A

members of interdisciplinary or intradisciplinary teams in one or more phases of a project

in collection and recording of data relevant to administration of/patient’s response to nursing care

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20
Q

What is a masters level nurses role in research?

A

as sophisticated consumers of research

specially prepared to conduct research as co-investigators

clinical experts

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21
Q

what is the role of PhD level nurses in research?

A

experts in appraising, designing and conducting research

development of theoretical explanations for phenomena relevant to nursing

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22
Q

when did nursing research start developing as its own discipline?

A

in the 1970s

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23
Q

what are the two major factors in the development of nursing research?

A

//establishment of research training through doctoral programs

//establishment of funding to support nursing research

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24
Q

which Canadian faculty of nursing was the first to provincially approve a doctoral nursing program?

A

University of Alberta in 1991

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25
Q

what topics do the majority of nursing studies focus?

A
  1. chronic illness
  2. reproductive health
  3. pain
  4. end-of-life/palliative care
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26
Q

What type of research nurses are still in short supply in Canada?

A

Research-prepared faculty to supervise graduate/doctoral/postdoctoral students

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27
Q

what deficit of nursing research professionals exists in Canada?

A

the number of research-prepared faculty able to train masters/PhD/post-doc research nurses

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28
Q

what are the major shifts in the delivery of health care?

A 
//emphasis on community-based care
//emphasis on reducing disparities in health care
//focus on health promotion and risk reduction
//increase in severity of illness in inpatient settings
//increase in incidence of chronic illness
//expanding population of older people
//emphasis on provider accountability through a focus on quality and cost outcomes
//use of technology to serve human needs
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29
Q

how is depth in nursing science made evident?

A

depth in nursing science becomes evident when research is replicated

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30
Q

how does research deepen nursing?

A

research programs that include a series of studies in a similar area, each of which builds on prior investigation

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31
Q

why are interdisciplinary and intradisciplinary networks in similar areas of study important/valuable?

A

maximizes use of resources, prevents duplication and helps the area of study grow more quickly

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32
Q

what can facilitate the accumulation of evidence that supports or negates a theory?

A 
//cluster studies
//multiple site investigations
//programs of research
33
Q

why is generalizability important in research??

A

it allows the evolving science to be considered reliable and usable in health care settings and for health care policies

34
Q

why is it important to attract young nurses to research?

A

to increase the longevity of research careers and enhance the community

younger researchers have more years to gain experience and then share it with students and thus enhancing the next generation of researchers

35
Q

why is international research likely to increase in nursing?

A

because of the focus on cultural aspects of care and the influence of such factors on practice

36
Q

funding agencies often determine research priorities, what are the four the CHSRF have set?

A
  1. managing delivery of high-quality services in the health care work place
  2. managing safe delivery of high-quality services in the health care workplace
  3. providing primary health care
  4. providing nursing leadership, organization and policy
37
Q

what factors influence international research priorities?

A

//social

//political

//economic

38
Q

what factors influence international research priorities?

A

//social

//political

//economic

39
Q

what are the millennium development goals?

A

eight goals set by the united nations in 2000

  1. eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
  2. achieve universal primary education
  3. promote gender equality and empower women
  4. reduce child mortality
  5. improve maternal health
  6. combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
  7. ensure environmental sustainability
  8. develop a global partnership for development
40
Q

What is quality improvement?

A

QI

The systematic use of data to monitor the outcomes of care processes as well as the use of improvement methods to design and test changes in practice for the purpose of continuously improving the quality and safety of health care systems

41
Q

What are the steps of the research process, as laid out in a report?

A 
Identify phenomenon
Research question study purpose
Literature review
Design
Sample
Legal-ethical issues
Data collection procedure
Data analysis
Results
Discussion & Recommendations
References
42
Q

Where is a phenomenon identified in a report?

A

In the abstract and/or introduction

43
Q

Where is the research question or study purpose identified in a research paper?

A

In the abstract and/or beginning or end of introduction

44
Q

Where is the literature review usually located in a research report?

A

In the introduction and/or discussion

45
Q

Where is the design of a research project explained in a research report?

A

In the abstract and/or introductory section
…..or
Under the method section entitled “design”
…..or
Stated in the method section

46
Q

Where is the sample used in the research described?

A

In the method section, labeled “sample” or “subjects”

47
Q

Where are legal-ethical issues discussed in a research report?

A 
Data collection
.....or
Procedures section
.....or
Sample section
48
Q

Where is the data collection procedure explained in a research report?

A

Data collection
…..or
Procedures section

49
Q

Where is data analysis discussed in a research report?

A

Methods section under subheading of “data analysis” or “data analysis and interpretation”

50
Q

Where are results of a study discussed?

A

Under a separate heading of “results” or “findings”

51
Q

Where in a research report is research discussed as a whole and recommendations made?

A

Combined in a separate section called “discussion” or “discussion and implications”

52
Q

Where are references cited in a research report

A

At the end of the article

53
Q

What are strategies for preliminary understanding when critically reading?

A 
// keep research text or dictionary by your side
// review the text's chapters on the research process steps, critiquing criteria, key terms
// list key variables
// highlight of underline new terms, unfamiliar terms, significant sentences
// look up definitions of new terms and write the, on photocopy
// review old and new terms before subsequent readings
// highlight or underline identified steps of research process
54
Q

What are strategies for gaining a comprehensive understanding of a research study?

A 
// identify main idea or theme of article; state in your own words in a sentence or two
// continue to clarify terms that may be unclear or subsequent readings
// before critiquing the article, make sure you understand main points of each step of research process
55
Q

What are strategies for analysis understanding of research studies?

A 
// using critiquing criteria, determine how well the study meets the criteria for each step of the research process
// determine which level of evidence fits the study
// ask fellow students to analyze same study using same criteria and compare results
// consult faculty members about your evaluation of the study
56
Q

What are some strategies for synthesizing understanding of research studies?

A 
// review your notes on the article and determine how each step in the article compares with the critiquing criteria
// type a one-page summary in your own words of the reviewed study
// briefly summarize each reported research step in your own words using the critiquing criteria
// briefly describe strengths and weaknesses in your own words
57
Q

Critical reading is a process that involves what levels of understanding?

A 
// preliminary
// comprehensive
// analysis
// synthesis
58
Q

What is the critique?

A

The process of critical appraisal that objectively and critically evaluates a research reports content for scientific merit and application to practice

59
Q

What are critiquing criteria?

A

The standards, appraisal guides or questions used to assess an article

60
Q

How many levels of evidence are there?

A

Seven

61
Q

What is level I of evidence?

A

Systematic review or meta analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs)

Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines based on systemic reviews

62
Q

What is level II of evidence?

A

A well designed randomized controlled trial

63
Q

What is level III of evidence?

A

Controlled trial without randomization (quasi experimental study)

64
Q

What is level IV of evidence?

A

single non experimental study (case-control, correlational, cohort studies)

65
Q

What is level V of evidence?

A

Systematic reviews of descriptive or qualitative studies

66
Q

What is level VI of evidence?

A

Single descriptive or qualitative study

67
Q

What is level VII of evidence?

A

Opinion of authorities and/or reports of expert committees

68
Q

What are the steps of evidence-based practice?

A 
Ask
Gather
Assess/appraise
Act
Evaluate
69
Q

What is meant by the “quality” of a study?

A

The extent to which a study’s design, implementation,and analysis minimizes bias

70
Q

What is meant by the “quantity” of studies?

A

The number of studies that have evaluated the research question, including overall sample size across studies, as well as the strength of the findings from the data analysis

71
Q

What is meant by the “consistency” of a studies?

A

The degree to which studies that have similar and different designs, but investigate the same research question, report similar findings

72
Q

What limits how much information about a research study is published?

A 
//journal space limitations
//journal's author guidelines
//type or nature of study
//researcher's decision regarding which component of the study is most important
73
Q

What is an abstract?

A

A short, comprehensive synopsis or summary of a study at the beginning of an article

Quickly focuses to main point(s) of a study

Usually 50-250 words

74
Q

What is an introduction?

A

Basis for the research question

Can be entitled or not

Near beginning of article

75
Q

What is the definition of the purpose?

A

Defined at the end of the introduction or the end of the literature review

May or may not be labeled

Is the research question

76
Q

What are the five parts of a critical question?

A
  1. Population
  2. Intervention
  3. Comparison
  4. Outcomes
  5. Time
77
Q

How are nurses involved in research ethical process?

A 
//as a researcher
//research assistants, coordinators
//looking after patients who are subjects in a clinical trial
//as consumers of research results
78
Q

what is a consumer of knowledge?

A

someone who reads, uses and applies

79
Q

Who are the tri-counsel?

A

Canadian institute of health research (cihr)
Natural sciences and engineering research council of Canada (nserc)
Social sciences and humanities research council

Nursing Research (2 decks)

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