Class 2 Flashcards
What do you need to do before giving someone hydrotherapy?
Ask if they’ve had hydrotherapy treatment before and what was their response to the treatment
What do you need to take into consideration when deciding whether to perform a treatment?
Cardiovascular system - are they healthy or weakened/diseased system?
Nervous system - Is there impairment to sense hot/cold or ability to regulate response?
Respiratory system - is the respiratory system impaired, can it tolerate heat?
kidney or liver filters larger volumes of blood, if malfunctioning - may not be able to handle large change in blood flow
Skin - are there any skin injuries/diseases? want to avoid spreading conditions or cause irritations
What does precaution mean?
treatment will need to be modified in order to be safe
What are some precautions to hydrotherapy?
first time in sauna - limit to 15mins
be careful using additives - make sure to know indications/contraindications
Know pts medical history and medications they are taking (ie. some medications may cause vasodilation :. applying heat would cause overreaction to heat treatments)
children have thinner skin + poorer ability to regulate temperature (:. trmt should be shorter/milder)
Elderly clients may be unable to handle extremes of temperature due to age related changes to the circulatory system
What does contraindication mean?
certain treatment modalities needs to be avoided
What are some contraindications to hydrotherapy?
avoid treating people under the influence of non-prescription drugs / alcohol
no heat on acute local inflammation
do not put heat over implants, pacemakers, defibrillators, medication pumps, or other artificial devices. (heat and cold can be applied over hip.knee replacements)
What is done during an assessment?
case history inspect + palpate the skin breathing skin discrimination test nail bed test take pulse + BP readings
What is a case history?
taking notes of the person’s age, health status, and general constitution - noting any conditions/injuries that require modification/avoidance
When you inspect and palpate the skin during an assessment, what are you looking for?
tissue health, colour, swelling, sores, scars, etc
monitor through treatment
When should you take note of a pts breathing?
take notes of any changes that occur during and after treatment. can also take pre and post treatment measurements
When should pulse and blood pressure readings be taken?
all first time pts to have a base reading
should be done before and after systemic treatments
What does pulse rate mean?
number of times blood, forced by the heart, surges through the blood vessels in a given period of time
what is the normal adult pulse rate?
60-100bpm
what are some examples that may cause an increase in pulse/heart rate?
stress, exercising, fever = body needs more oxygen and nutrients :. HR is increased
coffee, cigarettes, low blood sugar
medications - ie. amphetamines, decongestants, asthma medications, diet pills can speed up HR
hyperthyroidism
anemia
What are some examples that may cause a decrease in pulse/heart rate?
resting
hypothyroidism = decrease in metabolism
heart disease/
heart medications Ie. beta blockers slow down HR
fitness programs that include aerobic exercise = lowers resting HR
Generally, the __ the resting heart rate, the __ efficient and healthier the heart is.
Generally, the LOWER the resting heart rate, the MORE efficient and healthier the heart is.
what is the resting heart rate for babies to age 1?
100-160bpm
what is the resting heart rate of children ages 1-10?
60-140bpm
what is the resting heart rate of children age 10 to adults?
60-100bpm
what is the resting heart rate of well-conditioned athletes?
40-60bpm
what is the resting heart rate of pregnancy?
60-100bpm
How can pulse rate change during inhalation /exhalation?
inhalation: increases
exhalation: decreases
What may a weak pulse indicate?
problem w/ heart’s ability to pump as much blood as the body needs
sign of shock or circulation problem - ie. blocked/narrowed blood vessel
weak/absent pulse in leg may be a sign of significant blood vessel disease in the leg (peripheral arterial disease)
What does hard blood vessels indicate?
atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries) (healthy blood vessels feel soft)
In addition to checking beats per minutes for pulse rate, what else should you be paying attention to?
quality of the pulse - it is regular, uneven, etc?
What are the locations of measuring pulse rate?
Radial artery - thumb side of wrist
common carotid artery - lateral to larynx
brachial artery - medial side of biceps brachii
superficial temporal artery - medial to the ear
facial artery - mandible (lower jaw) on line with corners of mouth
femoral artery - inferior to the inguinal ligament
popliteal artery - posterior to the knee in the popliteal fossa
dorsalis pedis artery - superior to the instep of the foot on the top of the foot
what is dorsalis pedis artery used to check?
peripheral circulatory problems
What are the steps to taking radial pulse rate?
- place index and middle finger over radial artery on the palmer aspect of the wrist
- with flat part of fingers, press firmly
- count the number of beats for 30 secs and X2 to get BPM
why should you not use your thumb to take pulse rate?
the thumb has a pulse of its own :. you would be feeling the patients pulse with your own
What will too much pressure/too little pressure do when taking pulse rate?
too little pressure - can miss beats
too much pressure - can slow down heart rate
why should you be able to take heart rate at various locations?
convenience
sometimes the radial artery is not available (i.e. pt is in a cast) or athlete who has hockey gear on - can take at popliteal artery
why check pulse rate at multiple locations?
can reveal circulatory problems
how does blood pressure vary?
BP varies relative to the heart’s pumping of blood
what is blood pressure?
the measurement of pressure/force of blood against the walls of the arteries
what is a normal BP reading?
120mmHg /80 mmHg to 129mmHg / 84 mmHg
what is systole?
active pumping from the ventricles
in other words…
maximum pressure reached during ejection of blood into aorta with contraction of the ventricles of the heart
what is diastole?
resting phase
in other words…
the minimum amount of pressure maintained in the walls of the aorta between contractions of the heart
how is systole and diastole recorded?
systole: first number recorded
diastole: second number recorded
written as a fraction
what is a high - normal blood pressure?
130-139 / 85-89 mmHg
What is a high BP (taken in doc office)?
140/90 mmHg
What is a high BP (taken at home)?
135 / 85 mmHg
what is a high BP (ppl w/ diabetes)?
140-90 mmHg
what is an optimal BP?
below 120/80 mmHg
does a single BP reading accurately depict your BP?
no, need to take several readings over several days to know if your BP is consistently high or not
what what BP is it an Emergency case?
180/100 mmHg - hypertensive crisis (can lead to stroke) - must go to ER right away
what are the steps to taking blood pressure?
- explain procedure to pt & obtain consent
- ask pt to loosen any tight fitting clothing around arm/neck
- have pt in comfortable position: sitting straight, palm up, arm @ heart level, elbow extended, support arm on a pillow (+record which side/position used)
- Locate the brachial artery (medial aspect)
- attach deflated cuff around middle arm; 1-2inch above cubital fossa, can fit 2 fingers in
- tighten knob on rubber ball
- place stethoscope in ear (tap test)
- palpate brachial artery, place diaphragm side over
- inflate cuff by squeezing to 160-180mmhg (or +30 of normal BP)
10, release knob on bulb (not too slowly) - watch pressure go down - first found - sharp clear = systolic pressure (mental note)
- continue to drop and listen for sounds changing from loud to soft thumping until sound fades out = diastolic pressure (note reading)
- deflate completely, state and record your results
- record systolic / diastolic
how many phases to the Korotkoff sounds are there?
5;
- tapping sound
- soft swishing sound
- crisp sound
- blowing sound
- silence
what is a normal pulse pressure?
40 mmHg between systole and diastole
what is an abnormal pulse pressure?
<30mmHg or >50mmHg between systole and diastole
What factors may temporarily raise BP?
exercise /exertion stress/illness cough/cold medicine caffeine pain relievers, oral contraceptives, non steroidal anti-inflammatories AM vs PM
what are contraindications to taking BP on either arm?
previous mastectomy or lumpectomy
dialysis catheter in place
If BP is unusual (unexpectedly high/low) - double check again by …
by taking BP again on opposite arm 2-3 mins later
what should you do after taking BP?
disinfect ear piece + diaphragm
What are some general rules of treatment?
- Know and understand all the indications of your treatment
- Know and understand all contraindications of your treatment
- maintain a detailed record of your clients’ treatments, and review previous records before
- INFORMED CONSENT. Fully explain the treatment and procedures to the client before the treatment starts
- Never start or end a treatment with a chilled client. never cold on a cold client
- rewarm client if they become cold (goose bumps, feel chilly) during the treatment
- Closely monitor your client and ensure they are comfortable at all times
- check the temperature of hot or cold applications before applying
- with hot treatments, tell the client to “let me know if this starts to feel too hot”
- don’t treat a client with an empty stomach (low blood sugar) or who just ate a full meal
- in a prolonged heat treatment monitor the patients pulse and blood pressure
Why is it important to practice proper hygiene and sanitation?
prevent spread of diseases to yourself and between clients
what is the principle of prevention regarding hygiene and disinfection?
to prevent the spready of disease, it is essential to take proper care to meet rigorous health standards
clients place their confidence in their practitioners to ensure their safety
what does it mean to contaminate?
to make impure by contact, taint, or pollute
what is a contaminant?
any substance that causes contamination
what is decontamination?
removal of pathogens or other substances from implements or surfaces by sterilization, disinfection, and sanitation using soap and water
How can diseases be transmitted from one person to another?
direct/indirect contact.
open wounds
contaminated water/food
close physical contact with an infected person
contact w/ feces of an infected person
use of common drinking cups, common towels, etc
breathing in exhaled droplets released when an infected person sneezes or coughs
by touching contaminated surfaces such as taps, toilet handles, toys, diapers
neglecting to wash hands after touching an infected person or surface
unprotected sex
How does the body fight against infections?
through unbroken skin, body secretions such as perspiration and digestive juices, white blood cells, and antitoxins
personal hygiene and sanitation can help prevent and control infections
what is immunity?
body’s ability to fight/resist infection and disease, and to destroy pathogens that have entered the body
what is natural immunity?
innate ability to resist certain diseases, which is both genetic and developed through hygienic living
When resisting infection and disease, what is the first defense?
skin is the first defense
Fever is an important method for…?
fighting infection
what are factors to help boost natural immunity?
proper rest, exercise, healthy diet
how is acquired immunity developed? what happens?
result of inoculation, in response to exposure to an antigen.
causes blood cells to produce antigens, which are proteins that fight disease-causing germs or toxins
T/F: infections can be systemic or local
true
