Class 1 Flashcards
What is hydrotherapy?
Use of water in any of its three forms (solid, liquid, gas) as a temperature medium to achieve therapeutic effects
Temperature can be temperate, hot, or cold depending on the client’s health and…
Temperature can be temperate, hot, or cold depending on the client’s health and…
the therapeutic goals of prevention, treatment, or healing of injury
what are some examples of the use of water for treatment? (include: solid, liquid, and vapor states)
Solid: Ice packs, ice massage
Liquid: showers, baths, affusions, and heat packs
Vapor: inhalations and steam baths
what is cryotherapy?
refers to the use of cold
What is thermotherapy?
refers to the use of heat
List the 9 properties of water
- Specific heat
- Thermal conductivity
- hydrostatic pressure
- buoyancy
- resistance
- chemical properties
- Electrical properties
- Portability
- Latent Heat
What human body is made of approximately __% of water
70%
What is specific heat? Give example
Amount of heat that can be absorbed and stored in the different water states.
EX: Water can hold 2x as much heat than liquid paraffin & 4x more heat than air
What is Thermal conductivity? give Example
The capacity to conduct (transfer) heat to other substances or materials
EX. Solids have 100X more conductivity than liquids
Liquids have 100X more conductivity than gases
What is hydrostatic pressure?
The force of a liquid (water) exerts on the body. Hydrostatic pressure increases w/ water depth (think scuba diving)
A hydrostatic pressure in 15cm of water is equal to __.
A hydrostatic pressure in 15cm of water is equal to the pressure in the veins
What is buoyancy?
Ability to float
What is buoyancy dependent on?
Fat / lean muscle mass
Increased muscle mass = decrease buoyancy
Decreased muscle mass or increase adipose = more buoyancy
What is the Archimedes Principle of buoyancy?
A body immersed in liquid experiences an upward force equal to the weight of the displaced liquid
(so the weight of water displaced = same force from body)
What is water resistance?
Force of water to slow movements
In water, the resistance is ___ the resistance to air.
In water, the resistance is 12-34x the resistance to air.
What can water resistance be used for?
enhancing muscle strength and endurance
I.e. water aerobics
What is chemical properties of water?
Water = very effective solvent
Solvent is the ability to dissolve and hold within it many different substances
What is electrical properties of water?
Water is a good conductor of electricity
What is the portability of water?
Water can be easily stored, transported and converted from one state to another (ice,vapor,liquid)
What is latent heat?
energy required to change 1 state to another (solid to liquid, liquid to vapor)
How much energy is required to turn ice into water?
80Kcal
How much energy is required to turn water into vapor?
540Kcal
What is the safety hot temperature?
40degrees Celsius
What does hydrotherapy primarily effect? (3 parts of the body)
The skin
The circulatory system
The nervous system
The skin is the ______, making up approximately ___% of the total body weight.
The skin is the LARGEST ORGAN IN THE BODY, making up approximately 16% of the total body weight.
How thick is the skin on average?
0.5 - 4mm
What are the 3 layers of the skin
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
What is the purpose of the epidermis?
creates a barrier of protection for the skin
What does the epidermis contain / is made up of?
Keratinocytes (90%)
live cells in its deeper layers and dead cells at surface layers
What does the dermis contain?
collagen elastin fibers blood capillaries nerve endings sweat and oil glands hair follicles
How much thicker is the dermis compared to the epidermis?
100X
How does the dermis get its strength and elasticity?
collagen + elastin fibers
Where are nerve endings found and what is it important for?
dermis layer
important for sensation: touch, pressure, vibration, tickle, itch, pain, warmth, and cold
What does the hypodermis (subcutaneous) layer contain?
fat
blood vessels
nerve fibers
What does the nerve fibers do in the hypodermis layer?
conducts messages to and from the skin
What are the skin functions? (6)
- protection
- thermoregulation
- excretion
- absorption
- vitamin D synthesis
6, sensation
Describe how the skin provides protection? (5)
- acts as a barrier to foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses, fungi
- Melanin (brown pigment) protects the body from UV Rays
- Keratin (protein) toughens the skin, makes it more durable
- Cells in the skin release a fatty (lipid) substance that waterproofs the skin, preventing water loss and water entry
- Calluses (thickened skin) form to protect areas of friction
Describe how the skin acts as a thermoregulate the body
The dermis contains 8-10% of the body’s flow at rest :. allows skin to act as a blood reservoir
w/ heat: the blood vessels dilate, bringing the capillaries closer to to the body’s surface thus allowing the heat from in the blood to escape
w/cold: the blood vessels constrict, which will reduce the blood flow to the skin :. reduces heat loss
Sweat glands secrete water which creates heat loss through perspiration
What substances does the skin excrete?
small role in excretion of salt, CO2, ammonia, urea, some drugs + heavy metals
What types of substances does the skin absorb?
Absorbs soluble materials (Vit A, D, E, K),
industrial chemicals,
some minerals,
number of medication (birth control, nicotine patch, topical creams), and
herbal preparation and essential oils
How does the skin synthesize vitamin D?
skin exposure to the UV rays activates a molecule which is required to produce vit D
Describe how sensation is a function for the skin
skin contains the most receptors than any other organ
contains thermal receptors + mechanical receptors (which detects: light touch, change in pressure, fast, slow, vibrations, deep pressure, etc).
What is homeostasis?
condition of equilibrium in the body; the body responding to bring systems back into a functional balance
What is the core temperature of the body at?
37 degrees Celsius
The shell temperature (near the surface) is ___ cooler than the core temperature
The shell temperature (near the surface) is 1-6 DEGREES CELSIUS cooler than the core temperature
What temperature is the skin usually at?
28 - 32 degrees Celsius, but can be as low as 21 degrees Celsius if uncovered at room temperature
What are some effects of being too cold?
shivering, poor circulation, cold hands and feet, headaches, fatigue
What are some effects of not being able to cool down (excess heat)
heat stroke, headaches, hypertension, profuse sweating, electrolyte deficit
What is heat production proportional to?
the rate of metabolic function/reactions
What influences metabolic rate :. heat production?
exercise, hormones, nervous system, body temperature, digestion, age, gender, climate, and sleep
How is heat transferred? (5)
- Conduction
- Convection
- Radiation
- Evaporation
- Conversion
What is conduction?
Heat transfer by direct contact
How much body heat is lost at rest to objects we touch directly? What form of heat transfer is this?
3% lost
conduction heat transfer
What is convection?
heat transfer by moving air / liquid
I.e. wind, steam sauna
What is radiation?
transfer of heat in the form of infrared radiation
If things around body are cold - body will lose heat
If things around body are warm - body will absorb heat
I.e. sun
What is evaporation?
transfer of heat by changing water into water vapor
- when water is changed to a gaseous state, it takes heat with it (like steam) :. any remaining water is cooler
What is conversion?
transfer of heat that uses no external heat source, but uses energy coursing through a substance to heat it
i.e ultrasound
What is the control center/thermostat for the body in the brain?
Hypothalamus
What internal structures have temperature receptors that transmit signals to the central nervous system?
Spinal cord & abdomen
What do skin receptors detect?
warm and cold temperatures
How many more times does cold receptors have compared to heat receptors?
4-10x
How can the body conserve its heat if the body temperature drops?
Vasoconstriction release of hormones shivering increases metabolic rate goose bumps
How does vasoconstriction prevent further heat loss?
blood vessels near the skin are constricted :. reduces the amount of heat lost through the skin
What gland(s) releases hormones to converse heat?
adrenal gland
thyroid gland
What does the release of hormones from the adrenal + thyroid gland do?
increase cellular metabolic reactions
How does shivering help converse heat?
Generates heat due to movement
Small repetitive muscle contractions which can quickly increase heat production
How does goosebumps converse heat?
Insulating layer!
Goose bumps increases the surface area of the skin and raises the body hairs to stand erect thus trapping the warmed air against the skin.
The air is warmed by the skin because heat is being lost
What percentage of heat is lost through from the body through passive conduction?
3%
How can heat be lost?
passive conduction
expiration
skin
What percentage of heat is lost through expiration?
10-20%
What percentage of heat is lost through the skin?
~75-85%
What is the largest source of heat loss from the body?
skin
What happens when the core temperature rises above normal?
decreased metabolic rate
increased breathing rate
vasodilation
perspiration
How can perspiration help with heat loss if core temperatures raise above normal?
Evaporation allows for increased heat loss b/c it takes the energy with them in the gaseous state leaving behind liquid that can cooled by the air.
sweat that drips off the body instead of evaporating DOES NOT remove very much heat from the body b/c it doesn’t leave behind any liquid to be cooled, and instead you lose electrolytes
What is the effect of vasodilation when it is hot?
increases heat loss via blood at the body’s surface
what is the effect of perspiration when it is hot?
evaporating perspiration cools the body’s surface
what is the effect of increased breathing rate when it is hot?
heat escapes via warm breath
What is a reaction?
body natural reaction to stress
How does the body respond/react to stressors?
with strengthening reactions that increase the speed and efficiency of its responses to stimuli :. allows body to withstand stronger and more frequent stressors
The reaction is the body’s effort to __ and maintain __.
The reaction is the body’s effort to restore and maintain homeostasis.
What will happen if there is too much stress?
overwhelm the body’s defenses and lead to tissue damage
List the factors that will influence reaction strength (7)
- application temperature
- skin temperature
- size of treatment
- tissue density
- application duration
- client’s condition and constitution
- addition of herbal additives
How does the APPLICATION TEMPERATURE influence reaction strength of stressors (ie hydrotherapy)?
the difference between temperatures is significant = stronger and greater reaction
How does the SKIN TEMPERATURE influence reaction strength of stressors (ie. hydrotherapy)?
warm body = quick reaction
BUT if internal body is hot w/ cold, clammy, pale or goose-fleshed skin, the reaction may not occur
How does the SIZE OF TREATMENT area influence reaction strength of stressors (ie. hydrotherapy)?
larger application and larger surface area being treated = faster reaction
How does the TISSUE DENSITY influence reaction strength of stressors (ie hydrotherapy)?
tissue density impacts thermal conductivity.
more muscle = more energy used
more energy used = more heat conducted
more heat conducted = more warm on skin;
adipose tissue = insulating effect b/c provides resistance to temperature flow
How does APPLICATION DURATION influence reaction strength of stressors?
The longer the duration of either hot or cold, the stronger the stimulus :. great the reaction
How does the CLIENT’S CONDITION & CONSTITUTION influence reaction strength of stressors?
Young children or older seniors may have compromised reactions. i.e. thinner skin = limited to the amount of temperature that can be applied
How does ADDITION of HERBAL ADDITIVES influence reaction strength of stressors?
addition of herbal additives may introduce properties that improve and enhance the therapeutic effects of treatment
what is a positive reaction?
the intended reaction of treamtent
what are two types of positive reactions?
strengthening reactions
suppressive/depressive reactions
what happens in strengthening reactions?
reactions where the goal is to increase tissue activities.
i.e. apply heat to increase blood flow in area
what happens in suppressive /depressive reactions?
reactions where the goal is to slow, reduce, or suppress tissue activites
i.e. apply cold back to relieve edema, inflammation, and pain
What is a negative reaction?
reaction that is unexpected and unwanted
what would you do if you notice a negative reaction?
stop treatment and reassess
When are negative reactions more likely to occur?
Hot or contrast treatment
any treatment that is too long/too many applications
a treatment that is too short/incomplete
when the person is chilled when treatment begins
too intense of a treatment for the person’s energy level
treatment is more intense than the person is used to
What are the common signs and symptoms of a negative reaction?
shivering dizziness low / high BP headache nausea hyperventilation disorientation feeling faint other feelings of illness
What are symptoms of negative reactions in the skin/subcutaneous tissue?
tissue discoloration or any unusual colour (indicates poor local blood flow)
heightened sensitivty, abnormal sensations, pain, itchiness
What are the 4 types of negative reactions
Arterial
Venous
Paradox
Combined
What is indicator of arterial negative reaction?
red + white marble like skin
What causes arterial negative reactions?
applications = intense heat/ prolonged cold/ too long/too intense - causing arterial stagnation (inability for arteries to handle increased blood flow)
What do you do if you come notice arterial negative reactions?
stop treatment
initiate treatment to promote gradual dilation of blood vessels
What is the indicator of venous negative reaction?
Skin appears blue + red
what are the causes of venous negative reactions?
application that is too long and or too hot - causing venous stagnation (inability for veins to cope w/ blood drainage)
What do you do for treatment if you notice venous negative reactions?
Stop treatment
position to promote drainage of area
gentle active exercise once feeling better
What is the indicator of a paradox negative reaction?
Body response to contrary to what is expected
what causes a paradox reaction?
Many… health conditions, medications,etc
What should you do if you notice a paradox reaction?
stop treatment
reassess person’s condition
possible doctor referral
what is the indicator of a combined negative reaction?
red, white, blue skin (or other combined reactions)
what are the causes of combined negative reactions?
Usually from circulatory condition causing both arterial + venous systems to be overwhelmed
what should you do for treatment if you notice a combined negative reaction?
stop treatment
allow person to rest
consider person’s medical history
possible doctor referral
How do you treat negative reactions?
STOP TREATMENT
rest, sip water
IF PALE, raise the feet to allow blood flow to head
IF FLUSHED, raise the head to allow blood flow back to heart
If cold, cover w/ blanket
avoid treatment for several hours + reevaluate/proceed w/ caution
consider medication referral depending on reaction
What is retrostasis?
driving blood/lymph away from one area of the body to another with application of cold. Blood vessel vasoconstrict :. less blood flow to the tissues of that area
What is derivation?
bringing blood /lymph towards the part of the body w/ application of heat. Blood vessels vasodilate as a result of relaxing smooth muscle cells within the vessel walls
What is hunting response?
cyclic vasodilation and vasoconstriction that occurs in tissue that been cooled below 10degrees Celsius or reduced for 12-15mins to prevent tissue damage by allowing enough blood to the area
What are the 7 principles of hydrotherapy?
- Hydrotherapy treatments use the body’s own mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis
- Hydrotherapy has thermal, mechanical, and chemical and reflex effects
- The larger the temperature difference between the body and the application, the larger the effect on the body
- The larger the area being treated, the larger the effect
- The length of treatment will affect how much of an effect it will have on a person
- Hydrotherapy can help to redistribute blood/lymph within the circulatory system
- Treatments will affect more than one body system at a time
Hydrotherapy has thermal, mechanical, chemical, and reflex effects, what does it mean by thermal?
affects the body through temperature - hot/cold
Hydrotherapy principle: Hydrotherapy has thermal, mechanical, chemical, and reflex effects, what does it mean by mechanical?
stimulation from pressure to the skin such as water striking the body (water jets, showers) or from friction (scrubs)
Hydrotherapy principle: Hydrotherapy has thermal, mechanical, chemical, and reflex effects, what does it mean by chemical?
using additives such as herbs, salts, and essential oils - absorbs into the skin
Hydrotherapy principle: Hydrotherapy has thermal, mechanical, chemical, and reflex effects, what does it mean by reflex?
effects that occur elsewhere in the body via the nervous system when a sufficient/intense heat/cold stimulus is applied to a local area (ie. brain freeze - applied @mouth, but freeze in brain)
What are some examples of at home care using hydrotherapy?
bathing in water w/ added epsom salt (magnesium sulfate) to relieve muscle aches
ice packs for an ankle sprain
What are indications of hydrotherapy?
pain, sport injuries, inflammation, stress, decreased ROM, hypertoned muscles, arthritis (not in acute/flared stage), clients who are weak/unable to support their own weight (pool)
What are uses of hydrotherapy?
pain relief, analgesic (cold), first aid, pre-heat for massage or exercise, relaxation, exercise environment, increasing range of motion of joints
What are the effects of hydrotherapy?
thermal,
mechanical,
chemical,
reflex
what are classifications of hydrotherapy?
constitutional (whole-body/person)
regional (section/part of body)
local (small area part of body)
